New Challenges in Retail Human Resource Management

Why Do We Need Professional Human Resource Management in Retailing? Such terms as globalization, process management, and value-based management dominate the current discussion of management in retail co mpanies. There has been an increasing realization that people are one of a company’s key assets. Re- tail means working and serving customers in a direct, personal way. This calls for special actions from retail companies to fulfill the demands of an increasing num- ber of well-informed and sophisticated consumers. In view of all the c hanges in both national and international contexts, it is ab solutely essential to get the right people if a business is to be successful and sustainable. Retailing is a major†¦show more content†¦Often, consumers switch from smaller local stores to supermarkets, and increas- ing numbers of consumers are using new channels for Internet and TV shopping. The international press reports the continuing success of new fo rms of online retailing (e-tailing) in Europe and the USA, as well as rapid changes in Eastern Europe and Asia in use of the Internet. Within these trading formats, new pro- fessions, working careers, and functions are developing very fast. To succeed, HRM has to recognize and manage these changes in retailing human resource requirements. Exchange of knowledge is one of the basic prerequisites: For ex- New Challenges in Retail Human Resource Management 259 ample, the German retailer METRO Group is installing software that will allow knowledge shar ing with sy stematic tr ansfer of all necessary infor mation and skills to METRO Group sites throughout the world. It is imperative for a retailer to co llect and struct ure all exper ience and knowledge fro m d ifferent staffs, stores and country-markets. The challenge in the future for retail company man- agement i n general and HRM in particular will be t o ensure t hat th e right knowledge is available at the right time and in the right place. Consumer Behavior Closely aligned with the expansion of new trading formats are the changing needs of consumers.Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Matching Process : Human Resource Management And Competitive Strategies Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagestheir article titled â€Å"Examining the Matching Process – Human Resource Management and Competitive Strategies: A Study of the Irish Retail Sector† focused on how human resource management is linked to the competitive strategy of the firm. Further the paper focused on the competitive advantage in the retail sector. The authors concluded that the issue of competitive strategy and positioning is an extremely important issue within the service/retail sector. 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Should Abortion Be Legal - 2257 Words

Abortion Research Paper Introduction In the world today, a clear answer whether abortion is allowed has not been given. Texas, however, has reduced the ability to have an abortion, as well as many other states in the United States. Abortion is currently acceptable, in Texas, until pregnancy has reached 20 weeks; this is when the fetus begins to gain feeling, starts to gain physical characteristics, as well as can be identified as a boy or girl. This is well into the pregnancy and only a few states have the 20-week law in place. Abortion is a huge debate that needs to be settled, and I strongly believe every state needs to contain the 20-week law. I support the policy of ending abortion in all fifty states, past twenty weeks, because†¦show more content†¦The national standard should be that no abortions are endorsed after twenty weeks, except in the cases of the risk of the mother’s life. Researchers have discovered that the babies react and show a sense of pain when an abortion occurs any later. A doctor from King’s College in London, Dr. C H Rodeck, mentioned, â€Å"the fetus responds to some forms of sensory stimulation, particularly noise, changes in position, and pain† (Richards, 1985). Although the fetuses’ reactions can be minimal, it is the concept that he or she can feel some kind of pain. Pain sensors are not fully developed in all parts of the body at twenty weeks, but this is when some begin to form. Abortion has different methods, and only the method that has direct contact with the fetus is what causes pain. However, because the other methods do not cause pain is not a reason to kill the fetus any later. In Texas, a recent bill that passed is known as H.B. 2. In this bill, it is made clear that no abortions are allowed after twenty weeks because of the Preborn Pain Act. Which in this Act the State Affairs Committee stated, â€Å"all the neuroreceptors for pain are in place and functioning,† at about twenty weeks. The state of Texas believed that this Act and Bill should be placed into effect because not caring about an unborn child’s life is a wrongdoing. Some states recently have passed acts under

Arnold Palmer Hospital Flow Chart Essay Example For Students

Arnold Palmer Hospital Flow Chart Essay OPM300-INTRO TO OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT MODULE 2 CASE ASSIGNMENT First and foremost, I would acquaint myself with Diane’s flowchart and learn the process that’s already in place. I would take a few days or weeks to study her inputs and the process flow. After I get a clear and concise understanding, then I would suggest improvements if any. The process in place right now is very well maintained, however different Labor and Delivery (LD) floors on which facilities for operations and normal delivery are scattered. In case of emergency the delivering mother has to be shifted many times from different floors, rooms, and facilities. This process can risk critical time and also utilize excessive man power. One suggestion is to assign one entire floor or wing of the facility exclusively for LD operations. This would minimize any unnecessary movement of delivering mothers; floor 8 would be adequate since that’s where the triage process starts for the mother. Patients who are expected to have a cesarean or surgery may bypass the in between steps and jump from step 1 to step 7. In essence, step 7 would become step 2 as the mother would already be pre-registered and ready for the cesarean or operation. Once the operation is complete with no complications, then step 6 would be next. After monitoring the mother and newborn without any complications, finalize with step 8. Following this process would prevent the mother to have to go back to any other steps in the flowchart. If expecting mothers could pre-register prior to arrival, this would minimize the long process immensely. Pre-registration should become mandatory for all expectant mothers, whether that means registering during the third trimester, electronically, or by phone. Then the order would change with step 3 now becoming step 1, since they would already be registered, and all other steps following. If all registration is completed prior to the delivery date, this would expedite the flow of patients while minimizing documentation errors. This would ease the scheduling of delivery rooms along with mother/baby rooms for the 40-44 hour period after delivery. The hospital could also plan accordingly and assess particular overcrowding and high birth seasons with adequate medical staff and emergency medical rofessionals. My suggested Labor and Delivery flowchart/process goes something like this: 1. Expectant mothers are to pre register as early as week one of the third trimester either manually or electronically and will receive a registration number. 2. The registration number is to be matched along with patient identification and date of birth while being admitted, along with doctor’s diagnosis. 3. If the mother is due for a cesarean, admission s hould take place before 8 hours of scheduled surgery. The mother should be taken to floor 8 for preoperative care, anesthesiologist assignment, surgical procedure, side effects, and complications briefs. Then proceed to step 6 4. Mothers scheduled for normal delivery or birth is imminent, are to be taken to floor 8 and finalize admission at bedside. They are then taken to Labor Delivery Triage on the 8th floor for an exam. If no complications are present, then the mother and baby go to step 6. 5. If the mother has no contractions and still has time before delivery, she is directed to walk around to induce contractions and then to go to step 6. 6. The mother is taken to a delivery room and after successful delivery with no complications, she then goes to the mother and baby room and proceeds to step 7. 7. After thorough observation and both mother and child are found healthy, they are discharged and proceed to step 9. 8. If the mother is found healthy but the child is not yet fit to be discharged, then the child is taken to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for further observation. After observation/procedures are complete, then mother goes to step 9. 9. The mother and baby discharged with follow on dates for routine checkups and post operation procedures if necessary.

American Marketing Association

Question: Discuss about the American Marketing Association. Answer: Introduction: Marketing is a broad concept. According to the American Marketing Association, marketing is the set of activities and processes in order to create communication and deliver products or any kind of exchange that has some value to customers, clients or society. To develop sales and reputation it is important for any company to buildup strategies for emphasizing the concept of marketing. A company that lack good marketing strategy may lose essential opportunities for increasing their market value(Armstrong, Adam, Denize, Kotler, 2014). Australian retail market contains many noteworthy names. One such name is Woolworth that has attained a apex of success. For its target customers Woolworths have a wide range and variety of products that includes groceries, vegetables, meat, packaged food items, magazines stationary products and even DVD(Arli, Dylke, Burgess, Campus, Soldo, 2013). Recently Woolworths launched its clothing line in South Africa to increase its business and popularity. Woolworths has 980 stores across Australia and 16 retail stores without the name Woolworth but under the same logo. They have their Headquarters in New South Wales and they operate under the name Safeway in Victoria where they have four stores in rural Victoria and three in Melbourne. They are at the market of retail business for over 92 years with average sale of 33,275 million dollars and profit margin of 1099 million dollars. Their asset value is worth 11,936 million dollars(Knox, 2014). In this current report the marketing strategies of Woolworth including the issues faced by the brand is discussed. Ways for resolving such issues is also recommended. Marketing strategies of Woolworths: In Australian Market, the prime competitor for Woolworths is Coles and together they dominate over 80% of the Australian retail market. In recent years however a new name Aldi, came to business to give these two giant a competition. Woolworths became the fastest growing food and liquor retailer in Australian market in 2013. For achieving such peaks, the company must have some concrete marketing strategies. In this section, these strategies are discussed elaborately with context to the eight Ps of marketing. Product: The marketing strategy targeted for products includes Design, technology, usability, value, quality, brand and warranty. Woolworths being a retailer has a wide range of products in their supermarket chains. Their product range includes fresh and packaged foods and vegetables; beverages and liquor; clothing line; Home accessories. In addition, they also have financial services(Perrone Wodonga, 2015). For food and beverages, they focus on quality. Supplying the customers with high quality food is their first choice. Next, they rely on convenience, providing the customers feasibility of shopping in wide range of branded products. Innovation is their strongest marketing strategy that includes delicious authentic yet innovative recipes, which are tasty yet nutritious. Their clothing line focus on improving ranges, introducing new fashionable styles in budget value and sustainable quality. Woolworths present a wide range of home accessories and furnishings that include kitchen and bathroo m ware, crockery and vases, bedroom wear and curtains. They also have a market for furniture that is stylish and contemporary in an affordable range(Digital, 2017). Price: Keeping their customers in mind, and to appeal to a huge range of customer, Woolworths offer a wide range of price that fits the budget of majority of taxpayers. To attract customers they give offers in a wide range of their products as well. A total basket of goods that includes bread, milk, eggs, apples, chicken, cabbage, cheese maize, sugar, mincemeat, soft drink, flour, tea bags, rice and margarine is worth R479.44, which is quite affordable. Combined with lucrative offers Woolworth has a solid marketing strategy to attract a good range of customers(Digital, 2017). Promotion: The successful promotional strategies that Woolworths take make them the key player in the Australian retail market. According to analysts, their key to success is that they focus more on growing category sales rather than price cut. Even though there are players in business who offer same range of products in much lower price, Woolworth stays as the customers choice of brand to shop. Their central focus is on extending their food and liquor range. Promoting their grocery, petrol through celebrities had been a prime promotional strategy for Woolworths that attracted attention of customers. This helped increase their brand value considerably(Methner, Hamann, Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths., 2015). Place/distribution: Place represents a particular point from where products of an organization reach the end customers. Place can be both offline and online. Depending on the type of product offerings of the organization, online or offline mode is selected and in some cases both are selected, so that the company is able to grow its business manifold(Armstrong, Adam, Denize, Kotler, 2014). Place offers a different picture to the consumers. While deciding to set shop in a particular city, an organization has to carefully study various parameters with respect to the existing demography, purchasing power parity of the consumers, existing competitors and local tax laws. People: It is the community for whom quality products and services are offered by an organization. People factor can be categorized with respect to both in house human resources of the firm and also the consumers to whom the same will be sold. If qualities of services are not up to the mark or the desired level of expectations, then a very good quality product might not sell to its intended customers. Woolworths has an excellent human capital workforce which has helped them expand its network and product portfolio across Australia and now to South Africa as well(Shin Lee, 2015). Processes: Since its important to develop a quality product offering to the customers, the method in which a product undergoes should be of very high standard as customers are paying premium to buy the same(Human Bick, 2016). Quality is a critical attribute of Woolworths product offerings, which has been maintained since the time it set up its business in 1924. Partnership: Through partnership route, a firm gains competitive advantage over its rivals as two brands and their distribution points and strategies merge together, thereby realizing good economies of scale(Rosenbaum-Elliott, Elliott, H., Percy, Pervan, 2015). When strategic partnerships are formed, it delivers a greater impact on the companys intended message in the market through smart packaging of products and good merchandising. Physical evidence: Physical evidence determines the level of satisfaction from the customers point of view. They often judge the quality of a product based on their perceptions of the surrounding infrastructure(Muposhi Dhurup, 2016) Issues faced by Woolworths: Achieving the business strategies, analyzing the influential environment on its profitable ground are the important point that Woolworths need for its understanding (Feigin, 2016). The corporate strategies are not only accomplished but also the business performance of the organization significantly affects on the impact of the external factors of the organization. On analyzing the external environment, the internal aspects will help Woolworths to improve its present strategies and turning the mission into effective actions (Methner, Hamann, Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader, 2015). Woolworths adapted some competitive strategies for competing in retail industry. It identified its position the field of retail marketing. The two levels of external environment can be divided into two major levels that include the environment of the industry that can influence outside the company and the general influential factor, called macro environment of the company. Issues that Woolworths faces currently in Australia that can be listed below: Woolworths, being a large market scale in retail industry; they have very low dependency on the suppliers of the particular items. They must have very low dependency rate in the ground of the supply chain (King Thobela, 2014). The fixed customers of Woolworths bargains tremendously in the store for the discount of any items. They get huge level of discounts in the e-commerce sites almost al the year round. Customers start trusting those online sites more than to step in for the retail market (Cameron, Sayers, Sacks, Thornton, 2015). The discounted items from the sites become cheap in the price range and the quality remains the same. The current and new threat of Woolworths is considered significantly due to several other reasons. Any new organization competing in the particular business needs a huge amount of start-up capital for fixing up the facilities and for operating the business. Woolworths competes with Coles with 23% of the market that is controlled by them. Woolworths is the leader of the Australian market and its position flourishes the power of the company for exploitation of the potentiality of the market by its well-built resources and a proper presence of the company (Feigin, 2016). The Australian government has several restrictions on the movement of Woolworths as it keeps on increasing its prices quiet higher for any of its products specially liquor. The price rise is one of the common business strategies for profit making. The increase in price rise is the major weakness of the company for promoting growth because government restricts that in the upcoming future. Woolworths have several opportunities that is related in the retail industry that focuses with the potentiality of the growth like computerization, advancement of the supply chain and the lifestyle that changes the consumers that facts the abilities of the retailers for growing better opportunities in the market. However, they have adopted several strategies to cope up with the strategies for adopting the multi optional retailing for the changing needs of the consumer. A new technology that is adopted by Woolworths was the subscription of GEMMN(Global Electronic Marketing and Merchandising Network). However, on improving their chain of supply and the system of distribution that includes important impacts on cost saving. They also introduced the facilities for the online shopping, which make them to identify from any other company(Methner, Hamann, Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths., 2015). Recently, Woolworths have diversified from grocery store to Hotels, Petrol, Liquor general Merchandise and general services. The expansion and the acquisition made Woolworths a largest supermarket chain in Australia with 31% share. The main growth of Woolworths is by the strong commitment towards its employees and the customers. It has benefits for multiple activities with innovation and identified strengths for conducting operations flexibly by the coordination of the activities and the close interrogation by the employees and the customers. Resolving recommendation: The first and foremost challenge for Woolworths has always been the neck-to-neck competition provided by the other Aussie retail giant Coles. The last couple year has brought a number of other competitors in the market as well (Ausfoodnews.com.au., 2017). Along with that, the customer satisfaction level of retail chains took a massive hit as the online sites started emerging with their new discount schemes every day. In order to cope up with the current market schemes and the government restrictions on price hike the retail markets are facing increasing debts. Woolworths is no exception to this scenario, and the financial equilibrium of the company took further hits due to its many acquisition in period of 2008 to 2012 (Santos, M., Svensson, Padin, 2014). The geographical market seclusion also plays a major role in the current instability in the company and the need for global expansion has become prevalent. Dealing with this many challenges needs renovation in strategic and operati onal level; a few recommendations have been listed down below: Cost-Profit Balance: Price strategy is considered as one of the most vital decisive factors of the retail sector. Strategy of cost-leadership sated the major focus of the customers are focused on the cost of a product and how it differs from other retailers. The trick to an excellent cost-management strategy is to reduce the packaging cost to the bare minimum to ensure that the cost-profit balance is maintained. Woolworth should focus on reducing overall cost by cutting down their packaging and wastage expenses to ensure the growth of profit margin (Keith, 2012). Strategic conduct: In order to obtain success in any business the link between core business strategies and different operational applications is mandatory. Strategic collaborations and alliances can be the turning point in the retail marketing of Woolworths. Woolworths already has alliances with Caltex and Visa to provide discount to the customers, which has significantly improved their customer satisfaction levels. Other such collaborations and reward point offers will benefit the company attain long-term customer loyalty. Brand Diversification: New brands and ranges are coming up every day and by the virtue of social media marketing, the consumers are more aware of the new arrivals now more than ever. The company needs to focus on expanding their product range by incorporating new brands in order to broaden their target market. However, all new brands might not be trustworthy and incorporating unreliable phantom brands will only case more harm to the customer royalty. Therefore the company needs to walk a fine line in order to strategically expand their product range while ensuring that the brands they are incorporating would not negatively impact the companys reputation in the long run (Fernie Sparks, 2014). People-focused strategy: Retail markets have been public-focused business from the very beginning. Consumer behavior and preferences have changed in a myriad of ways along the years and the retail markets should take attentive notice of it. The value of feedback is immense in smooth market operations as that makes the customers feel valued by the company. Woolworths should focus in incorporating customer feedback programs, which will increase their customer loyalty significantly. Lastly, Australia is a proud multicultural country and a major setback in the service standards of Woolworth has been the challenges of controlling and managing the people from different cultural background and meeting their expectations (Berning, 2014). The company needs to focus on eliminating the gaps left behind due to cultural differences in both staff and customers. Conclusion: Woolworths started its journey back in 1924 as just a basement outlet and have come a long way since then. In 2012, the company reached the pinnacle of success when it acquired the position of largest supermarket chain in Australia. Woolworths has managed to capture 31% market shares with a customer base of more than 28 million per week. Even after tackling the Australian retail market for almost a century, Woolworth still has challenges ahead to overcome if it wants to uphold its duopoly in the Aussie retail market. The cutthroat market competition and government jurisdictions have placed hurdles after hurdles in its path that has dimmed the market potential for Woolworths in the last couple of year. However, the Woolies have always been a trusted enterprise due to their core competence and unsurpassed quality standards. Hence it can be concluded, that a company as reputed as Woolworths just needs a well-articulated and renovated marketing strategy with current market scenario at the focal point to put the company back in the market with renewed zeal. Bibliography (2017, February). Retrieved from Ausfoodnews.com.au.: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/05/06/woolworths-announces-new-strategies-to-win-over-grocery-shoppers-afn-reveals-full-detail.html Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration. Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura, 16(1). Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014). Principles of marketing. Australia.: Pearson Australia. Berning, A. (2014). Sustainable supply chain engagement in a retail environment. The case of Woolworths food suppliers. Cameron, A. J., Sayers, S. J., Sacks, G., Thornton, L. E. (2015). Do the foods advertised in Australian supermarket catalogues reflect national dietary guidelines? Health promotion international. Digital, B. (. (2017, February 3). WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS LIMITED | WOOLWORTHS RETAIL | OUR PRODUCTS. Retrieved from Digital, B. (2017). WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS LIMITED | WOOLWORTHS RETAWoolworthsholdings.co.za. : https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/retail/products.asp Feigin, L. M. (2016). The effects of protests and boycotts on a brand and its reputation. Feigin, L. M. (2016). The effects of protests and boycotta case study on Woolworths and boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) (Doctoral dissertation, The IIE). Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014). Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Human, C. J., Bick, G. (2016). BOS Brands: challenges of internationalisation. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 6(4), 1-32. Keith, S. (2012). Coles, Woolworths and the local. Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies. The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies, 47-81. King, L., Thobela, S. (2014). Woolworths farming for the future. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Knox, M. ( 2014). Supermarket monsters: Coles, woolworths and the price we pay for their domination. The Monthly. Methner, N., Hamann, R., Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. Springer International Publishing. Methner, N., Hamann, R., Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader. Springer International Publishing. Methner, N., Hamann, R., Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. In The Business of Social and Environmental Innovation, 87-104. Muposhi, A., Dhurup, M. (2016). A Qualitative Inquiry Of Generation Y Consumers' Selection Attributes In The Case Of Organic Products. The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online), 15(1),, 1. Perrone, A., Wodonga, T. A. (2015). Centralian College: Creating a strategic marketing plan for long-term growth. Marketing. Centralian College. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Elliott, H., R., Percy, L., Pervan, S. (2015). Strategic brand management. USA.: Oxford University Press,. Santos, A. D., M., Svensson, G., Padin, C. (2014). Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance. In A. D. Santos, M., G. Svensson, C. Padin, Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance (pp. 515-530). Shin, S., Lee, S. H. (2015). Effects of Business Environmental Factors on 4P Mix of Eco-friendly Textile in Textile Fashion Firms. Fashion business, 19(2), 36-52. American Marketing Association Quesrtion: Describe the marketing process according to american marketing association. Answer: According to American Marketing Association, Marketing is the process of planning and executing of the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goal. Philip Kotler explains marketing as an art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping and growing customers through creating, delivering and communicating superior customer value. Marketing is a technique or a tool which acts as a bridge that fills the gap between an organization and its customers. It is through marketing that an organization is able to introduce new products to the customers or revamp some of its existing product line. According to Forbes, companies like Coca Cola, Pepsico, Nestle, Proctor Gamble and Unilever are some of the most effective marketers in the world. The true fact behind Apple Incs legendary Think Different campaigns remarkable success was Steve Jobs, who was consistently involved in marketing and every other activities of the company that helped Apple accomplish one of the greatest turnaround in the history of a business (Forbes.com 2016). Marketing to a large extend help in raising the brand value of an organization and helps in creating product awareness. It is a boon if utilized in most effective way, and can turn out to be a disadvantage if under-utilized. In todays world where there is cut-throat competition in almost every industry, it is very crucial for each and every organization to emphasize on its marketing activities irrespective of their size to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. Many organizations mark their presence through innovative and successful marketing strategies that they implement (West Ford and Ibrahim 2015). The nucleus of each and every business success completely relies on the way they market their products. Marketing is a sum of activities that includes advertising, sales, promotion, and public relations. It is process by which a product or service is presented and promoted to a prospective customers. For an organization to succeed in the marketplace, it is very crucial for them to create awareness for their products or services which can only be possible with proper communication with the customers. A company may be offering excellent products and services in the industry, but without marketing their products and services to their prospective customers, the product may fail and sales may witness a declining trend which would further impact the profitability of the company. Marketing serves as a light that provides a business with a probability of getting noticed by prospective customers. Once a product or service gets in the mind of a customer, it enhances the probability that the cu stomer will buy the product or service, and once the product is bought the customer spreads the news of a new product through word of mouth amongst its friends and family, and once this happens the sales will increase significantly. Without implementing proper marketing strategies, it would not have been possible. The success of an organization largely depends upon its concrete reputation which is attained by delivering quality products or service that exceeds customers expectations (Kotler et al. 2015) Marketing helps in building the reputation and brand name as the organization consistently engages itself into corporate social responsibility, effective internal and external communications. Marketing also promotes healthy competition in the marketplace as it creates awareness among the competitors and new entrants about the products or services that are readily available, and forces them to formulate better and more effective marketing strategy. Amidst such competitive environment, the price and the quality of the product or service tends to improve over time (Eteokleous Leonidou and Katsikeas 2016). Execution of an effective marketing strategy helps an organization to develop products or services which would earn maximum revenue because an effective marketing strategy involves marketplace research which takes into consideration the pivotal factors such as target segment, existing competitors, price of competitors product etc. Such factors help the organization in determining the pricing strategy, product differentiation strategy etc. Effective marketing also helps in establishing an effective distribution system and strong supply chain as market survey furnishes data related to buying habits of the prospective customers, for example; younger generation finds it convenient shopping online whereas older generation prefer in-store shopping, therefore based on the needs of the customer, it has be decided whether the product should be sold online or in-store (Green Whitten and Inman 2012). Marketing also helps in maintaining a smooth flow communication internally and externally. It helps the organization to understand the needs and demands of the customers in a better way through feedbacks and suggestions. It also helps in retaining the existing customers and attracting new customers. Many organizations emphasize on retaining their customers by offering value added services, after sales services, courtesy calls, new product information that would exceed customers expectations and reach customers delight (Zakaria et al 2014). References Eteokleous, P.P., Leonidou, L. and Katsikeas, C., 2016. Corporate social responsibility in international marketing: review, assessment, and future research.International Marketing Review,33(4). Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/onmarketing/2011/12/14/the-real-story-behind-apples-think-different-campaign/#45d4953e55c2 [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Green, K.W., Whitten, D. and Inman, R.A., 2012. Aligning marketing strategies throughout the supply chain to enhance performance.Industrial Marketing Management,41(6), pp.1008-1018. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press. Zakaria, I., Rahman, B.A., Othman, A.K., Yunus, N.A.M., Dzulkipli, M.R. and Osman, M.A.F., 2014. The Relationship between Loyalty Program, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in Retail Industry: A Case Study.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,129, pp.23-30.

The Seven Stages of Grieving Essay Example For Students

The Seven Stages of Grieving Essay QTC’s 2015 production of The 7 Stages of Grieving directed by Jason Klarwein and performed in Bille Brown Studio incorporates contemporary Indigenous drama conventions to create dramatic meaning. The 7 Stages of Grieving is a wise and powerful play about the grief of Indigenous people and the hope of reconciliation. The play expresses the significance of the stories of the Indigenous people by using dramatic elements, Indigenous drama conventions and a nomadic performer, Chenoa Deemal, to communicate the hard truths of the lives of past and current Aboriginal people. Through the use of symbol, role, and time and place this message is expressed in an extremely powerful and effective way which illustrates the grieving that Indigenous people have had to endure over many generations. Jason Klarwein smartly manipulates symbol to retell the emotional stories of Indigenous people and display the grieving that process that Aboriginal people have went through. The 7 Stages of Grieving uses a variety of symbolic words and phrases, props, and a powerful set design in order to emphasise the history of the Aboriginal people and the stories they have to share. We will write a custom essay on The Seven Stages of Grieving specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A poignant example of symbol within the performance occurs in the last scene. Klarwein interestingly includes an extract from â€Å"The Apology Speech† by Kevin Rudd. Klarwein adds a scene, which was not in the original performance where the stage dims, and the nomadic performer leaves the stage through a door hidden on the back wall of the stage. Deemal leaves this door open and a bright white light escapes shining over the dark stage and the previously drawn circles on the stage. The use of this intriguing white light represents the innocence of the Aboriginal people, the light itself symbolises the hope that Indigenous people possess of reconciliation. Symbolism of the Aboriginal people is further expressed through the circles that have been drawn on the stage using different colours of sand throughout the performance. The colours of which these circles have been drawn in symbolises the Aboriginal culture and they also have a strong connection to Deemal and her hometown. Symbolic phrases are used in the performance to demonstrate the importance culture is to Aboriginal people and how they have continued to pass this down through stories over many generations. One example of this occurs when Deemal draws a blue circle on the stage whilst chanting the line, â€Å"I am a strong woman. † She chants this however in the language of her hometown. As the nomadic performer chants this line in her own Aboriginal language, this displays how Deemal, even though she lives in a modern day world, is still in touch with her Indigenous culture. The use of this language demonstrates how important it is that the Aboriginal language is passed on and the importance of family heritage within the Aboriginal culture. Collectively, this powerful use of symbol communicates to the audience the importance of Aboriginal stories and the history of the Aboriginal people. Dramatic meaning is successfully portrayed within the performance through the use of the dramatic element of role. Klarwein’s use of storytelling, multiple roles, and minimalistic costuming emphasises the dramatic meaning displayed within The 7 Stages of Grieving and how grief has affected many generation of Aboriginal people. Through the use of storytelling the nomadic performer displays how grief has affected Aboriginal people over many generations. Deemal stated that. â€Å" grief encompasses many people, not just one person. † This helps to illustrate how grief has continued to disturb the Aboriginal people over many generations as it doesn’t affect one specific person and that it is a continuous cycle. Through the use of multiple roles the nomadic performer exemplifies how many people are affected by grief. Throughout the performance the characters that Deemal embodied seemed to be getting older. .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 , .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .postImageUrl , .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 , .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:hover , .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:visited , .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:active { border:0!important; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:active , .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3 .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82927b0d19ed548cce7e35eb4a7049a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drama Scripted Coursework: Think of a story quickly and Cage birds EssayThis displays how, through the use of multiple roles, that the grief has affected many generations of Aboriginal people. Klarwein’s use of minimalistic costuming emphasises the dramatic meaning depicted within The 7 Stages of Grieving. Deemal appears on stage through the majority of the performance in the same costume. This helps to illustrate her as representing all Aboriginal people. An example where costuming is used effectively is in scene 11, 1788, where the nomadic performer takes on the role of Captain Cook. She does this by placing a captain hat on her head and holding a union jack flag. Through this use of costuming the nomadic performer looks out of place, like he/she doesn’t belong. This costuming illustrates how the arrival of Captain Cook in Australia was not right and that he didn’t belong. The play displays the significance landscape is to the Aboriginal people and their culture. The nomadic performer expresses how grief has affected and is continuing to affect many generations of Aboriginal people. Through the use of storytelling, multiple roles and minimalistic costuming Klarwein and the nomadic performer are successful in portraying how grief has affected many generations in the Aboriginal community within The 7 Stages of Grieving. Through the use of the dramatic elements time and place the significance of the stories of Aboriginal people and the grief that they have endured over many generations is expressed in The 7 Stages of Grieving. Klarwein portrays this through the use of dramatic and Indigenous conventions such as sound effects, language, lighting and stage design. Klarwein cleverly uses the sound effects of nature and rain to enhance the importance of the storytelling at the start of the performance. These sound effects help the audience to connect with the performance and allow them to imagine a place within the Australian landscape. Deemal includes the Indigenous language from her hometown within the performance. This enhances the dramatic meaning of the storytelling within the performance as it illustrates that the nomadic performer has a strong connection to the play and the meaning behind it. Klarwein is successful in tying the past and the present together through the use of lighting and stage design. In scene one scene (see notes) the lights that are on Deemal form two shadows, these representing her ancestors. Deemal further goes on to discuss how grief has affected the Aboriginal people whilst these shadows are projected behind her. These projections tie together the past and the present and how grief has been detrimental to the lives of Aboriginal people. Jason Klarwein and the nomadic performer, Chenoa Deemal, display the significance of the stories of Aboriginal people and the grief that they have had to undergo for so many years through the use of many Indigenous conventions and dramatic elements. Jason Klarwein’s 2015 QTC’s production, The 7 Stages of Grieving encompasses contemporary Indigenous drama conventions to present the hard truths of the Aboriginal people and the grief that they have had to tolerate over many centuries. This play expresses the grief that Aboriginal people had to endure and their hope for reconciliation. Throughout the performance the significance of the stories of Indigenous people is expressed through the use of dramatic elements, Indigenous drama conventions and the nomadic performer, Chenoa Deemal, to communicate the truths of these stories. Symbol, role, time and place are used through the performance to create powerful message of how Aboriginal people have beared so much grieving over many years.

Agency Agrees to Review Human Stem Cell Patents

Agency Agrees to Review Human Stem Cell Patents Summary of the Information contained in the reference: Questions were raised on the validity of fundamental patents on human embryonic stem cells granted to University of Wisconsin scientist, James A. Thomson. The Foundation for taxpayer and consumer rights, and Public patent foundation claim that Mr. Thomson's work did not deserve a patent. The organizations claim that three scientific papers by other scientists, and a patent from the past laid the foundation to Mr. Thomson's success. Mr. Thomson was the first to isolate human embryonic stem cells. The organizations feel Mr. Thomson's success is due to research previously conducted on various animals. The patents will be re-examined and evaluated by The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Student reflection/ response/ analysis Instead of celebrating the incredible medical advancement, negative publicity centers around stem cell research once again. This time it's not about the ethics or morals, but who did it first.Mouse embry onic stem cells. More lab photosIn my opinion Mr. Thomson's patent should not be re-examined. The patent that was granted to him was based upon human embryonic stem cells. The organizations arguing that previous stem research on animals laid the foundation for his success. For the most part, it probable did, but a human and an animal are different, and therefore the patents should be too. I feel the only reason these organizations requested for a re-examination is financially. The outcome of his research is going to be worth a lot of money. One would think with a medical breakthrough as big as this, an abundance of applause would follow, not lawsuits. The University of Wisconsin stated "the decision of the re-examination could lead to a narrowing or even a recession of the three patents"( The New York Times"). The cause and effect of that would be devastating. Further research would become less,

Contract Law and the Law of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract Law and the Law of Negligence - Essay Example As such, every individual is under a duty of care towards others to employ reasonable care, in order to circumvent causing injury to them or their possessions (Judicial Education Center, 2013). Alec has a duty towards Kelly, just like that towards any other person on the walkway. In some instances, the act or omission of the defendant could cause damage to the claimant. However, the claimant may not have any action, because the affected interest may not be provided with the protection of the law. This situation is termed as harm without legal wrong or damnum sine injuria (Cooke, 2011, p. 5). Alec’s rash driving resulting in damage to Kelly’s shop attracts the provisions of the law of negligence. A defendant could be made liable for committing a tort, if the act had been intentional. This usually takes place in crime. Liability is also attached to the defendant, if the act was negligent, although unintentional. This is because the defendant had failed to fulfil his duty of care towards the petitioner (Judicial Education Center, 2013). In our case, Alec has failed to perform his duty towards Kelly, although it was unintentional. In Page v Smith, Lord Hope described primary victims as individuals who had undergone psychiatric injury. Such injury should have been the outcome of the fear or distress resulting from the accident that had taken place due to the negligence of the defendant or its immediate aftermath (Turton, 2008, p. 1014). Kelly suffered mental distress, the next day after the incident. She cannot take recourse under the category of primary victim for psychiatric injury. Whether there was a breach of duty From the legal perspective, negligence is the breach of a duty to ensure care, while committing an act. It is also the failure to act in the manner that a prudent or reasonable individual would have acted under circumstances that were similar. Such action or failure must be the proximate cause for the injury caused, if the plaintiff is t o recover damages from the defendant. Some of the defences to a negligence action are, the assumption of risk or injury by the plaintiff, or the injury was due to the plaintiff’s negligence (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011).A contractual relationship can generate an obligation to act with care. An instance of this is the duty of care assumed by a carrier to protect passengers and goods from injury or damage. In addition, the law presupposes that every person, in the ordinary course of conduct, is under a duty of care to abstain from injuring others. This duty, in every non – contractual situation, requires every individual to act as a reasonable person. If an injury occurs, despite such care being exercised, or due to circumstances that are beyond human control, then no compensation can be claimed. The doctrine of strict liability renders entities engaged in certain services and trades liable, even if the conduct is not negligent (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedi a, 2011). While deciding whether a breach of duty had taken place, the courts would evaluate the conduct of the defendant, with reference to what a reasonable person would have done under similar circumstances (Tingle, 2002, p. 1129) In Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co, it was opined that negligence was failure to do a thing, which a reasonable man would have done, in accordance with the considerations that normally regulate human conduct (Tingle, 2002, p. 1129). In our case, Alec, due to coming late, attempted to quickly cross

English Comp.- Adapting a Writing Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Comp.- Adapting a Writing Style - Essay Example Rather than referring to the Kinetic Theory of Matter, it would be more useful to say that all matter is made up of very small particles and their make-up and energy determines whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas. In addition, highly technical vocabulary, jargon, and buzzwords need to be eliminated and replaced by more generally understood terms. For example, instead of referring to the C level employees (CEO, CFO), it would be more informative to refer to them as executives. These simple modifications pave the way for an easily understood article. Writing is also a process where we try to inform by creating a written connect the dots article. Specialists, with a large body of knowledge, may be able to make inferences and connections that are not available to the general audience. Paragraphs need to be carefully constructed with a logical flow that can easily be followed. Paragraphs should have a transition to let the audience know when the topic is shifting and the direction that it is taking. Statements must be constructed that offer enough explanation without becoming so complex that the reader gets lost. This usually involves shorter statements that are supported with short explanations. This helps guide the reader through the complexities of the material. The complexities of the technical information can also be presented by the use of metaphors and similes. Instead of telling your audience that the new cable modem has a bandwidth of 30 mega bits per second, it would be more picturesque to say that the modem transfers 2,000 pages of written text per second or as many as six complete novels. While few readers will understand Mbps, everyone knows how big a novel is. The audience is not interested in the technical specifications; they are simply looking for comparisons to the things they know. In conclusion, adapting a technical article for a general audience is really just a matter of putting it into plain English.

Accounting Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting Research - Essay Example Considering fairness as an integral part of management accounting, it is basically divided into two forms that include formal and informal fairness. In this regard, formal fairness takes into concern the design of management accounting system. Furthermore, it basically frames an effective structure for the managers who require setting up their predetermined goals along with budgets. It can be affirmed that the notion of formal fairness monitors the performances of the managers and delivers rewards accordingly (Matlala1-82). Conversely, informal fairness mainly entails the process through which the managers apply to execute the management accounting system. Fairness, as a valuable area of management frames various contributing factors that assist in ascertaining effectiveness of diverse organizations. According to various observations, it can be analyzed that fairness is basically taken into concern as the perception related to organizational justice. This particular area of managemen t accounting research i.e. fairness is quite interesting owing to the reason that justice along with fairness depicts proper functioning of organizational activities at large. According to recent observations, fairness is associated with the facet of controllability, which is mainly considered as an objective. It has been viewed that depending on the reports related to distribution of awards and performance, incentives are equally distributed amidst the employees. Furthermore, fairness can also be achieved by considering the equal pay and awards amidst the employees. In this context, a relationship can be formed between fair judgment and equity. By providing fair treatment to the employees, the management ensures optimum concentration of the employees. Furthermore, on receiving equal payment and awards, retention rate of the employees accelerates towards the accomplishment of organizational

Human Adaptations to Extreme Cold

Human Adaptations to Extreme Cold   Abstract Humans have successfully adapted to environmental stresses, including extreme cold. A review of existing literature examining archaeological data, historical data, and current populations regarding human adaptation to cold stress (average annual temperature of ~ -14 °C / 7 °F) yields evidence supporting distinctive morphological, physiological and behavioral traits that compensate for the stress. Morphological adaptations can be seen in elongated and narrowed nasal passages (long narrow noses), which help warm and hydrate the air before it passes into the lungs; and a decreased surface area to volume ratio and allowing the individuals to more easily maintain a normal core body temperature. Physiological adaptations include: increased basal metabolic rate, which increases the amount of body heat produced; and a higher prevalence of type 1 diabetes, which may be a genetic adaptation that protects cells from freezing. Additionally behavioral adaptations can be observed in agricultur e, awareness of fickle environmental factors, and clothing. Traditional populations in sub-polar regions tend to be hunter foragers; agriculture is limited to what can be cultivated in the short growing season. Some populations demonstrate acute awareness of weather patterns, modifying their behaviors to minimize exposure to dangerous conditions while taking full advantage of more temperate periods. The author finds ample evidence of widely varied human adaptations to extremely cold environments which allow sub-arctic populations to survive more easily in their specific environments. Human Adaptations to Extreme Cold Humans have successfully adapted morphologically, physiologically, and behaviorally to environmental stress, including extreme cold. As a species, humans have survived Ice Ages which brought the intensely cold environment, normal for our polar and sub-polar regions, across much of the planet. To understand the wide variety of adaptations which have proven successful, the author explored existing literature analyzing data from archaeological, historical, and anecdotal sources, as well as from current populations. Because more information involving human populations exists for inhabitants of sub-polar regions than for any other extremely cold environments (except high-altitude locales where oxygen level is a significant contributing factor for adaptation and would complicate conclusions which might be drawn about adaptations to cold stress) the author focused there. Extreme cold is defined, in terms of environment, by examining monthly mean temperature charts provided online by the U.S . Navy (Guest, 2000). These data show that monthly mean temperatures at sub-polar locations, both north and south, range from -30 °C (-22 °F) in January to +5 ° C (+41 °F) in July, with daily variations from -40 °C (-40 °F) to +30 °C (+86 °F) yielding average annual temperatures ~ -14 °C (7 °F). Ample evidence exists to support conclusions that morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations have occurred in response to the stress of existence in extremely cold environments. Morphological adaptations can be seen in elongated and narrowed nasal passages, broad pelves, and relatively short, stocky bodies. (Kennedy 2007; Hernandez, Fox, Garcia-Moro 1997). Fueguians and the Eskimos are the human groups with the narrowest and highest nasal apertures, displaying a combination of large nasal height and low nasal breadth values, while groups from equatorial areas have low, wide nasal passages (Hernà ¡, et al. 1997). Both groups lived and/or live in the sub-polar regions (one nearer the southern pole, one nearer the northern). Fueguians inhabited Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of South American after the ice sheets receded, ~ 10,000 to 12,000 BP (before present). Unlike the sub-Arctic environment, which is cold and dry, the climate of Tierra del Fuego is extremely cold, rainy, foggy, and windy. Average temperatures are in line with our definition of extreme cold, but in addition the area receives ~3000 mm (118 in) of rain each year and strong, persistent winds that blow off the glaciers, inducing a significant windchill affect. (Hernà ¡, et al. 1997, and references therein) took craniometric (measurments of the skull) measurements of 180 skulls from three distinct tribal groups of the area and analyzed them in relation to Howells 28 craniometric series in order to increase the statistical significance of the sample. When all the measurements were plotted on a climate map, a strong correlation between increased nasal height combined with narrow breadth and extremely low temperatures is apparent. Researchers postulate that high, narrow nasal openings allow frigid air to be warmed by the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity to prevent damage to delicate lung tissue, and enhance the recovery of heat and moisture from expired air. (Hernà ¡, et al. 1997) Another morphological adaptation supported by existing studies is a short, stocky body structure. Body proportions of humans [and other endothermic (i.e., warm-blooded) species] have long been known to show significant correlations with climatic variables and their proxies. Specifically, two empirically derived ecogeographical rules, those of Bergmann (1847) and Allen (1877), state that within a widespread endothermic species, those in colder regions will tend to weigh more (Bergmanns rule) and be characterized by shorter appendages (Allens rule) than their conspecifics [members of the same species] in warmer climes. (Holliday and Hilton, 2010 and references therein). They also put forward colder-climate groups being characterized by broader pelves, and reference C.B Ruffs work from the early 1990s. Holliday and Hilton (2010) examine skeletal data from the Point Hope Inuit (another name for Eskimo) of North America. A total of 173 individuals, 127 from the Tigara period (13th to 17th century AD) and 46 from the Ipiutak period (~100 BC to 500 AD) were measured and analyzed relative to other Native North Americans, and samples from Europe, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa (from similar periods). Based on results from previous studies referenced, Holliday and Hilton concentrated their effort on measurements which have already been determined to vary with climate, specifically limb bones from the four major limb segments, femoral head diameter, skeletal trunk height (the summed dorsal body heights of T1-L5 plus sacral ventral length), and bi-iliac breadth [pelvic width]. (Holliday and Hilton, 2010). From the basic measurements, the authors computed seven ratios which are identified as indices for comparison. Results show that African samples provide the lowest indices while circumpolar populations show the highest, with European numbers in the middle. Neither of the groups measured specifically for this study (nor the third Native North American sample) is signific antly different from the other, but marked variations exist between these groups and both of the African groups. Interestingly, results do not support the authors expectation that the Inuit and Europeans would show a discernible variation using the specific indices studied. However, the bi-iliac relative breadth index (pelvic breadth compared to assumed trunk height) did separate these two groups distinctly. As a counter-point, it is noted that there are other factors which can affect overall stature, such as under-nutrition. In a harsh environment, maintaining sufficient nutritional intake is likely compromised, and so the shorter body may not be simply an adaptation to the extremely cold environment. Popular rhetoric holds that a layer of body fat helps keep humans, and other mammals, warm. In his 2007 American Journal of Human Biology article, Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda Steegmann does not disagree; he says, Fat insulates better than muscle per unit of thickness. However, in a fit person, muscle layers are usually much thicker than subcutaneous fat and consequently have higher absolute insulative value. Studies in the 1950s and 1960s (referenced in Elsner (1963): LeBlanc, 1954; Baker and Daniels, 1956; Daniels, et al, 1961) demonstrated that Caucasians with a thicker layer of body fat, as measured by skinfold, maintained core temperature, skin temperature, and metabolic rate more reliably when exposed to 15 ° C (59 °F) for two hours. However, in a similar study (Elsner, 1963) compared the skinfold thickness of eight hunter-gatherer groups (aborigines of central and northern Australia, Inuit of Canada, Eskimos, Alacaluf Indians of southern Chile, Lapps, Peruvi an Indians, and Kalahari bushmen), and cold-acclimatized Norwegian students, with urban Caucasians as a control. Skinfold thickness was measured at ten locations: abdomen, back (subscapular), calf, cheek, chin, iliac crest, knee, pectoral, upper arm,and side. The urban Caucasian control group had higher values across the board, except for the cheek measurement. Of particular interest, Canadian Inuit, and Eskimos had amongst the lowest values; not what was expected from populations that acquire 70-75% of their caloric intake (see above) from animal fat. Additionally he measured the rectal temperature, metabolic rate, and skin temperature of his subjects during an eight-hour sleep period with ambient room temperature of 0 ° 5 °C (32 ° 41 °F) during which time they had only one thin blanket to wrap up in. Elsner reports that there was poor correlation between skinfold thickness and the measurements of interest during the overnight study. In support of these findings, from ano ther study, Steegman (2007) reports results which demonstrate that Inuit traditionally had high muscle mass and high work capacity, but low body fat. Aside from the subjective observation that the primitive groups had better sleep than the control group, three sets of reactions emerged from Elsners study: 1) Canadian Inuit, Eskimos, and Alacaluf Indians, and cold-acclimatized Norwegian students demonstrated high metabolic rates (measurement technique not defined) and warm extremities; 2) Kalahari bushmen and aborigines from central Australia had stable or falling metabolic rate and cooler skin; and 3) Peruvian Indians and Lapps had low rectal temperatures and higher extremity temperatures. So, while a thicker layer of body fat does not seem to be a human adaptation for survival in extremely cold environments, increased metabolic rate and some protective mechanism to keep extremities warm both appear likely. (Makinen, 2007) Physiological adaptations include: increased basal metabolic rate, high protein/high fat/low carbohydrate nutritional requirements, and some evidence of variations in blood chemistry. (Westerterp-Plantenga 1999; Srivastava, Kumar 1991; Moalem, Storey, Percy, Peros, Perl 2004) An inverse relationship between BMR and mean annual temperature has been documented, which holds true even when controlled for differences in body size. (Snodgrass, et all 2005) In fact, Snodgrass, et al (2005) conducted extensive research among the Yakut population in Siberia (sub-polar Asia) which supports the claim that increased basal metabolic rate is an important human adapation to the stress of an extremely cold environment. With a thorough and well-documented scientific process, participants in the Snodgrass study underwent measurements of core temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and heart rate in a thermoneutral (23 ° 27 °C) environment after a 12-hour fast. Results for basal metabolic rate (BMR) were predicted based on three standards drawn from a European population: fat-free mass (FFM), surface area (SA), and body mass. In all three cases, for males and females, the Yakut BMR measured significantly higher than predicted values. The BMR of Yaku t men and women were demonstrably elevated over their more southern-dwelling, European counterparts. Another metabolic adaptation might be seen in the increased incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus among northern Europeans. Moalem, et al (2004) Recent animal research has uncovered the importance of the generation of elevated levels of glucose, glycerol and other sugar derivatives as a physiological means for cold adaptation. High concentrations of these substances depress the freezing point of body fluids and prevent the formation of ice crystals in cells through supercooling, thus acting as a cryoprotectant or antifreeze for vital organs as well as in their muscle tissue. Citing the example of cystic fibrosis conferring immunity to typhoid (salmonella typhi), the authors suggest that elevated blood glucose levels, such as are seen when the body does not produce insulin, may be the result of genetic mutation which gave an evolutionary advantage to inhabitants of cold climates about 14,000 years ago when world-wide temperatures dropped dramatically. Life expectancies then were short, so genetic adaptations that enhanced survival would have favored changes in the short term. Now that our life expectancies have increased to 70+ years, we can observe that such changes might have been beneficial then, but currently are causing dangerous health issues within the aging population. Traditional dietary intake of these populations of cold-dwellers depends completely on what is available at any given time. In 2004 Patricia Cochran, a native Inuit Alaskan, wrote on the traditional diet for Discovermagizine.com. Our meat was seal and walrus, marine mammals that live in cold water and have lots of fat. We used seal oil for our cooking and as a dipping sauce for food. We had moose, caribou, and reindeer. We hunted ducks, geese, and little land birds like quail, called ptarmigan. We caught crab and lots of fish-salmon, whitefish, tomcod, pike, and char. Our fish were cooked, dried, smoked, or frozen. We ate frozen raw whitefish, sliced thin. The elders liked stinkfish, fish buried in seal bags or cans in the tundra and left to ferment. And fermented seal flipper, they liked that too. She reports that in the short summers the villagers would forage for roots, greens, and berries.. What the diet of the Far North illustrates, says Harold Draper, a biochemist and expert in Eskimo nutrition, is that there are no essential foods-only essential nutrients. And humans can get those nutrients from diverse and eye-opening sources. Inhabitants of extremely cold climates do not live to eat, they eat to live. The traditional Inuit diet, which seems to a Westerner to be sorely lacking in fruits and vegetables, which the U.S. government insists are necessary for wellness, supplies all they need to maintain health in their sub-polar climate. Vitamin C, which is a vital component for healthy connective tissue, is found in raw animal organs, raw kelp, and even muktuk, which is as rich in Vitamin C as orange juice, gram for gram.Fat-soluble vitamins A and D are metabolically mined from cold-water fish and mammal fats and livers. Not surprising, then, that the traditional Inuit diet comprised 90% of its caloric intake from meat and fish, 50-70% of its calories specifically from wild animal fat fat is the source of not only calories but also necessary nutrients. This traditional Inuit diet based wholly on what food is available from hunting, fishing and forage-harvesting might be a behavioral/cultural adaptation to the climate, while also encompassing metabolic/digestive adaptations. While morphological and physiological adaptations to environment take eons to manifest, some cultural and social adaptations may be apparent on a far shorter time scale. Steegmann (2007, and references therein) speaks about Richard K. Nelsons comparison of Kutchin natives of east-central Alaska to Eskimos, explaining Nelsons observation that Kutchin hunters keep moving if they lose their way, afraid if they stop they will sleep and freeze. Eskimo rest as needed and only move to stay warm. He also noted that Eskimo had a complex understanding of weather prediction and were better equipped to plan accordingly and keep themselves safe. In both cases, Eskimos seem to practice higher survival skills and both behaviors are strongly directed by cultural traditions. Two very different responses to the same stimuli in similar environments, with potentially diametrically opposed results: survival and death. Another surprising and non-intuitive variation in responses to the extreme cold of sub-polar life can be found in the clothing styles of arctic and some sub-arctic populations. According to Hernà ¡, et al. (1997) arctic inhabitants, such as the Inuit, wear clothing designed to protect them from the harsh cold, whereas the three Fuegian tribes they study, who lived at the southern tip of South America, are anecdotally described as almost naked throughout their lives. The Fuegian tribes are extinct, so no opportunities to explore their cultural adaptations to their extreme environment. Human adapation to the stress of an extremely cold environment, such as those of sub-polar regions, can be seen in morphological changes, physiological changes, and behavioral/cultural developments. Morphological changes include long, narrow nasal passages, to pre-warm icy air and protect fragile lung tissues and short, stocky body structure, which increases the body mass to surface area ratio, conserving body heat. Physiologically, increased basal metabolic rate is strongly supported as an adaptation, in a contemporary population, to the extremely cold climate of Siberia. An increased incidence of Type 1 diabetes in cold climates is suggested as a favorable mutation during the rapid onset of a mini Ice Age, but more studies would be needed to prove this as a lasting adaptation. Changes in metabolism and digestion in order to extract necessary nutrients from the limited food sources available in a sub-polar climate may be a physiological adaptation, but without studies to demonstrate a change in how the Inuit (or other sub-polar inhabitant) body processes food in order to extract necessary nutrients, it should be categorized as a behavioral/cultural adaptations. They eat to live, utilizing all food sources available. Other behavioral adaptations can be observed in a more precise weather awareness, perhaps, and clothing styles.

The Potential of Medical Marijuana :: Marijuana Medicine Treatment Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world (7). Since it became illegal in 1967 (5), there have been many questions of whether or not it is good for medical purposes. Debates between people that are for and against the use of marijuana in medicine have been heated and in recent years, referendums have been brought up in several states to make it available for medical treatment. Personally, I think that marijuana has the power to be a significant help with certain aliments, however, I think that more research is needed to prove its' medical potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first people to introduce the healing properties of marijuana, were the Chinese. About five thousand years ago, the people of the plains of Central Asia, just north of the Himalayas, began cultivating the plant. Though it is not exactly certain what cultivation of the plant was for, whether it was for its oil, fiber or medical properties, most experts believe that it was for its fibers. The fiber of the plant is so strong that it can be used to make thick, sturdy ropes. Its seeds also contain oils that can be used as a varnish. In some countries the seeds are used as bird and cattle feed and also in the manufacturing of soap. Something else that you may not know is that the seeds can be roasted and eaten as food. It is actually the flowers of a certain type of the plant that is used for its medicinal and intoxicating property. I say "a flower from a certain type of the plant" because from my personal experience, many people believe that there is only one type of marijuana. Actually, marijuana is such a wild plant, that it easily adapts to any soil and new varieties it then emerge. This is when the plants with the strongest fibers, most superior oils, and a more potent drug content are selected. Only around 1000 B.C., in India and Southeast Asia, when the plant started to grow in that region, the intoxicating features were recognized and appreciated (7).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So when was the plant introduced to the Western Hemisphere? There is archeological evidence that the plant was brought toWestern Europe from Asia at around 1500 B.C., by the Scythian invaders and later reached the Mediterranean region. However, the people of western Europe didn't begin cultivating it as a plant crop in their area until about 500 A.

Reality TV a Poblem Essay

The Pop Culture phenomenon that is reality television has been expanding since its arrival in the early 1990’s. Reality TV is the newest television genre but not the weakest by far. After MTV launched the hit show Real World it was clear that realty TV is here to stay. Today reality television is bigger than ever any time of the day you can be sure that some sort of reality program is being aired on a network. Reality television has become so big that it has created whole television networks based around reality programing, networks such as Tru TV and E! Entertainment which is the mother network for hit shows such as Keeping up with the Kardashians and Girls Next Door. Despite the fact reality TV is very popular it can have negative effects on its viewers. Many media analysts believe although reality programing is entertaining it holds almost no redeeming social value whatsoever. When it comes to values of reality TV programs the only values that it seems to give people are su perficial or for profit. Reality TV’s foundation is their sense of vanity, even in shows like duck dynasty which is about a incredibly rich rural family living on a farm. Even though the show is about a red neck life style it doesn’t fail to show the wealth possessed by the family. Reality TV can often make an average person feel un average. When that average Joe tunes in to see three men in ugly beards (Duck Dynasty) spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on useless comities it can make him or her feel like their life isn’t good enough and that they too should be living like the people depicted on television. In the article Is reality T.V. so bad it’s good or just plain bad? By Sabrina Giancioppi she states â€Å"At face value, reality television is easily a reflection of everything that is wrong with society. The only thing worse than the housewives, bachelors, idols, kids from the shore, teen moms and toddlers, might just be those who tune in to watch these shows every week, fuelling our society’s great appetite for idiotism and humiliation (Giancioppi)† this shows that the possible reason for American’s over  indulgent us as Americans are so blinded by material objects and vanity that we often fail to acknowledge the great things our country has such has freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Many American’s have a mentality that is never satisfied we as a country seem to have a universal belief that nothing is ever good enough and reality television can be somewhat to blame. On reality TV we see rich house wives living a life of luxury and viewers think that if they are not doing these fabulous things like flying in private jets or going shopping for Bentley’s than we are not truly successful when success is based on one’s own perception n ot the perception of pop culture. Reality TV’s big demographic that it reaches out to is the teenager, because they are the ones usually watching the most television in the home ergo they are the best to appeal to. When a young mind of a teenager is exposed to unreal reality and scenarios depicted on reality programs such as Jersey Shore where a household of seven adults spend a summer on the New Jersey beach. The Show consists of drinking, partying, and copulation and was aired for over four years. Shows like Jersey Shore are bad for an older demographic let alone teens. When teens see shows like Jersey Shore it leaves an impression in their mind that this is what it is like to be an adult and they usually believe that because it is the only example they have seen. The problem with so many teenagers being engaged in reality TV programming is that it give false sense of life. When teens watch reality TV it more often than not makes them feel like they have a dull life. The show Laguna Beach: the real Orange County on MTV is about a local high school girl named Lauren Conrad and her clique of wealthy teen friends that live in Laguna Hills. In the show these kids have more problems and things going on than most adults. This is a prime example of how reality television can make a teens life seem awfully dull compared to the people’s on TV like Lauren Conrad who is constantly going to extravagant place and driving a sports car provided by her wealthy parents. Shows like Laguna Beach that are blatantly aimed to a younger audience should be showing kids and teens a role model and teach lessons that will help them in real scenarios rather than showing them a teenager and her friends alluring life filled with glamour that show lack of positive messages and no role models. Although reality shows can be  bad examples for kids and teens James Poniewozik of Time Magazine writes in his article titled â€Å"Why I Watch Reality TV With My Kids† he believes it is good to watch reality television with children and teens because it is the last type of family programming there is. In the article Poniewozik states â€Å"It’s no accident that many of the series I’ve mentioned are competition shows: like sports, it’s a genre that can appeal to kid and adult interests without denying either one. Most of these series are made for adults without any particular goal of being all-ages entertainment. But on their own terms, they reflect things that kids are interested in: competition, creation, performance. Maybe more important, they’re also a kind of structured introduction to the grownup world (Poniewozik)† the claim made by James reveals that there can be positive effects for kids and teens from watching reality shows if they choose to watch a particular show and watch it with their family, but this is not often the case. Usually the child or teen who is watching reality shows are watching with no parental guidance and choose to watch programs that are outrageous or most â€Å"grown up† show, they are not looking for the shows with least values not with the most. Being a teen that has gotten to see reality programming evolve to what it is now has shown me firsthand the lack of value the shows contain. In the Journal of Advertising Research authors Anthony Patino, Veltichka D. Kaltcheva and, Michael F. Smith write about the appeal of reality TV towards teenagers and preteens in the passage the authors state â€Å"With the number of hours spent in front of the television set increasing 6 percent annually (Nielsen Media Research, 2009) and the reality programming genre steadily growing, preteens and teens are more likely to be viewing reality programs. More important, there is evidence that young people emulate the behavior of reality stars (Patino, Kaltcheva, and Smith)†. This statement shows that teenagers are spending more time watching television and reality shows more and more. With the rise of teenage viewers in reality television it no wonder on why our youth seems to be growing up faster and faster. Now a days teenagers no longer want to stay kids for long they see these people on reality TV living an exciting life and they too want their life to be extravagant and exciting and they accomplish this by holding a semblance that depicts that of a reality TV star and doing things like holding  themselves to a higher caliber socially or do things they wouldn’t usually take part of like drinking or smoking but because they see these reality TV stars doing these things and thriving they too want that fame and success. Kids now a days are exposed to so much more grown up content mainly due to all the reality television that is going around. When my sister was younger probably in middle school she couldn’t get enough of MTV and VH1 reality shows from Jersey Shore to VH1’s competition shows like Flavor of Love and Bret Michaels Rock of Love. These type of shows were truly the definition of â€Å"Trash TV†; the shows consisted of a roller coaster of problems t hat at the times seemed enthralling. Shows like the ones my sister would watch made me feel like I was losing brain cells just by watching them, the shows had no plot, no good ideas, no good actors, no nothing. Now I don’t often watch reality television for multiple reasons the biggest simply being there is much better content on television. I would rather watch a such as Breaking Bad or Boardwalk Empire which contains a deep plot that calls for an engaged viewer and shows artistic traits such as cinematography, scoring and set design. Programs with a sense of meaning or artistic value seem more attractive than watching a group of people argue and stress over irrelevant situations. No matter who is watching reality TV or who isn’t they continue rise in popularity and spring out of nowhere by the masses. What makes these shows so attractive to all these viewers? Maybe it’s the enjoyment of seeing a stranger’s life play out in front of your eyes, or the convince of always being able to tune in and watch whether or not one saw last week’s episode. The best way to find out why audiences of reality TV get so enthralled with the programming is to interview with a fan of reality television shows. A super fan of reality shows that I know of is my sister Desirae Duran she is twenty-two years old, a junior in college, and has been watching reality television for as long as she can remember. The first questioned asked to Desirae was why do you like reality programs? Desirae said what she enjoys about reality shows is how they involve little effort from the viewer, when she watches reality shows she can be texting or on the internet on the same time and still understand what is happening in the episode unlike when she watches shows like CSI or Game of Thrones that require h er full attention. I then asked Desirae if she thinks reality  television has redeeming value in society. Her response to my question was rather surprising, she said that reality shows provide entertainment to people, that alone is enough for something to have redeeming value. Desirae then made a comparison to Game of Thrones and The Bachelor saying they both entertain her and fill her crave for good television. What my sister said about how entertainment is valuable is obvious and something I failed to realize and account for. I then asked Desirae a last question on why she thinks other people are so fascinated by reality TV and she gave me a short answer she said â€Å"people want what they can’t have and reality shows give them a taste of what they can’t have† This may be a key reason of why so many people enjoy watching shows about the rich and famous or maybe people just enjoy the entertainment aspect of the shows whatever it may be that attracts a viewers to reality televis ion the networks have no problem with it. It seems as if the only value that comes from reality television is the profit it provides television networks. One of the reasons why cable is flooded with reality programs is because they are so cheap for studios to make. If there is one thing television networks like ABC or NBC love more than a hit show it’s a hit show for the fraction of the price. In an article about the cost of reality television versus scripted television author Laura Jerpi of South University pulls information about reality programming from Scott Manville founder and president of TV Writers Vault in the article it states â€Å"An episode for a scripted series can be anywhere between a half-million and millions of dollars depending on the network and content involved,† in the article Manville also writes â€Å"budgets for reality shows can range from $100,000 to more than $500,000 per episode [depending on the network and content]†. With the amount of money being saved per episode it is no wonder why television is infested with reality shows. The dramatic drop in production cost in reality shows is due to an array of reasons. Reality TV often consist of one to no production sets, mediocre writers, a less than satisfactory director probably fresh out of film school and actors that work for less than an employee at Starbucks. Because of the low cost that goes into producing a reality show and the high profitability rate networks don’t mind having a surplus of them. The Failure of a reality has  far less risk than a failure of a Sit-com or prime time Drama because of the small cost and the large amount programs available so this lets studios and networks experiment with bizarre idea’s and unorthodox content. Reality TV is often called â€Å"Trash TV† mainly because of the lack of values it provides to the general audience. Reality shows fill a viewer’s head up with garbage content. Now a days when one channel surfs the overwhelming wave is the reality wave, reality programs have seemed to have gone to the point of no return. Shows like Jersey Shore and Laguna Beach will continue to thrive as long as people tune in to be passive and not active. It seems as if there are not enough hours in the day for reality television. Television use to be informative and artistic now all of those types of programs are being taken out to make room for reality shows aka â€Å"Trash TV†. If entertainment is considered a valuable commodity then I guess opium is John D Rockefeller. Work Cited Web articles -Giancioppi, Sabrina. â€Å"Pros and Cons: Reality Television | The Concordian.† The Concordian RSS. N.p., 09 Oct. 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. . -Jerpi, Laura. â€Å"Reality TV – Low Cost Programming That Produces High Ratings.† Reality TV – Low Cost Programming That Produces High Ratings. South University, Jan. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. Television shows – â€Å"A Black & White affair† Laguna Beach. MTV. KBXV. Orange County. 28 Sep. 2004. Television -â€Å"A New Family† Jersey Shore. MTV.KBXV. New Jersey. 03 Dec. 2009. Television Interview -Duran, Desirae. Personal interview. 2 December. 2013. Magazine article -Poniewozik, James. â€Å"Why I Watch Reality TV With My Kids.† Time 181.23 (2013): 54. Business Source Elite. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Academic Journal -PATINO, ANTHONY, VELITCHKA D. KALTCHEVA, and MICHAEL F. SMITH. â€Å"The Appeal Of Reality Television For Teen And Pre-Teen Audiences.† Journal Of Advertising Research 51.1 (2011): 288-297. Business Source Elite. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.

Preventing School Violence

Preventing School Violence Introduction Today no special mechanism is standard for preventing school violence due to diversity in social status, economical status, and location. Schools implement various measures to prevent violence such as warning signals, checklists and, policies for zero tolerance but the dangers still persists, because some of these measures end up exacerbating the issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preventing School Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hypothetically, the school-based violence has a close link to poverty, which is the key factor for discontent and frustration and consequently the anger especially in developing nation. Other cases have a close link to the experiences and development. The domestic violence also has a close link to behavioural and learning problems. During development, a child may feel the need for retaliation. Other possible sources may include discrimination, the societal backgro und, the common school drug related problems, cultural imagery on the television and audio shows, materialism, competitiveness and lack of identity. A good example of the school violence is the April 16, 2007 tragedy at Virginia Tech University, which remains a big sear for the hearts of those who were directly involved as well as those affected such as the victims’ families or friends. On that terrible day, the struggling loss of lives due to one disturbed young man make many people ask what made Cho to act in a beastly manner like he did, and likewise, what can be done to prevent such kind of massacre form happening again. According to Hauser of â€Å"The New York Times† newspaper on the day of the tragedy, thirty-three people were involved in a mass murder at the university after one of the student: Cho went round the bend to a shooting rampage, in a close link to the reports made by federal law enforcement officials at the site. Many of the victims were students s hot in classrooms and dorms. In a close link to Feldman (2009), we can only stop inquiring ways of preventing such scenarios or why they occur if we realize that all the requirements for prevention are within reach. There is need for commitment over the facts and full transparency concerning logical understanding. The universities need to be on the forefront in ensuring they are well equipped with required facilities to handle health related matters. This may include the student’s counselling centres, mental health programs or support groups, procedures for making referrals and, emergency psychiatric services to encourage students to seek and share feelings before they are out of hand.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Selected Solutions to school violence There is an urgent need for the educators and parents to have the initiatives of pursuing this issue through a co ordinated procedure. It is possible to implement the violence prevention programs based on the specific school setups through solicited funds and, the government or sponsors grants. Secondly, it is promising to utilize the intelligent and well-planned campaigns to stop the violence issue and thus the need for proper and critical considerations over such crusades. This is an awareness program to fight violence especially among the teenagers. Teachers need to consider the strategy of enhancing the responsibility aspects in the minds of the learners in the effort of making them understand the importance of stopping the violence at all costs. The learners should know that the act is illegal and immoral. Today the youth have tightly embraced the extremely dynamic and advancing technology. This means that the â€Å"websites, television and radio programs, public service announcements are some vital aspects the campaigns against violence in schools ought to focus† (Prinstein and D odge, 2008). The government/sponsors also need to tighten use of technology as a teaching aid through ample sponsorship since the youth are today highly conversant with technology. Learning programs or curriculums should avail access to information on bullying prevention and support implementation of activities that support unity at school or community level. Conclusion Violence in schools is an act that erodes the learning atmosphere by impairing the teaching and learning processes. The act is very tactless to individual inner being or conscious and thus often lead to short-term and long-term consequences such as suicide and homicide as experienced at the Virginia Tech a couple of years back. For this reason, it is the responsibility of every person to work aggressively to reduce the wicked act. According to Webb and Terr (2007), healthy and productive education process cannot occur in an environment full of fear. All students have a right to a safe learning environment without the worry of attendance for the fear of unfriendly treatments or worst still abusive acts. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preventing School Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The educators cannot fully depend on the government to solve all the cases or provide full protection. It would therefore be wise for everyone in the society to take initiative and commit to the issue. This can highly reduce or better still demise of the offense and the schools will thus be safe and enjoyable for everyone. References Feldman, R.S. (2009) Discovering the Life Span. (First Ed). Pearson/Prentice Hall Publishers Hauser, Christine. (2007, April 16). Virginia Tech Shooting. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2007/04/16/us/16cnd-shooting.html?_r=1 Prinstein M and Dodge K, (2008), Understanding Peer Influence in Children and Adolescents. Guilford Press publishers, P. 239 Webb N and Terr L, (2007), Play Therapy wi th Children in Crisis: Individual, Group, and Family Treatment. Guilford Press publishers, P. 251Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More