Ethics issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics issues - Essay Example The development of financing interests for the project began in the 1920s by governments and businesses. The first design for the project was developed by Joseph Strauss and David Steinman who presented a suspended bridge. Due to suspicions that Steinman was not capable of raising sufficient money for the project, the chamber of commerce in Tacoma resorted to terminating its contract in the year 1931. Fresh interests however developed in 1937 with the creation of the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority by Washington State. Using the revenue from the tolls of the bridge, the authority conducted a practicability study. In the end it became clear that the design and construction of the bridge was not possible through the toll revenue finances alone. Another interested body in the building of the bridge was the United States military. The military required a route to directly link the Bremerton’s Puget Sound Naval Shipyard to Army’s McChord Field and Fort Lewis on the si de of Tacoma. The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard was on the Pierce County of the Narrows (Board of Engineers Appointed to Report on the Failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Othmar Hermann Ammann 143). It was also in the interest of the federal agencies to create more job opportunities amidst the Great Depression. This set up the political and economic forces that later on contributed to the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. ... Deep truss girders that were 25 feet supported the roadway to stiffen it. Therefore, the Eldridge design was submitted to the Federal Public Works Administration (PWA) by the Authority. The requested fee was $ 11 million. This prompted Leon Moisseiff, a renowned New York to submit a proposal to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) and PWA for the design of $8 million Bridge. As compared to other initial projects, this implied a huge and significant savings. The costs saved came as a result of the 25-feet deep roadway through the replacement done by Moisseiff. These supported the truss girders with that had a depth of 8-feet. This design was not only slender and elegant but also reduced the bridge’s stiffness (Cronn-mills 11). The bridge’s cost savings and the reputation of Moisseff together slender and beauty of the design led to awarding of the contract to Moisseff and the engineering firm that was associated with him. The engineering firm was called the Moran & Proctor. Apparently, this engineering firm was favored instead of Washington Department of Highways and Eldridge. By the month of June 1938, PWA had permitted $6 million for the project. The remaining cost was paid with proceeds from the toll revenue. By the end of the project, a total of $6.4 million had been spent on it. It took 19 months to complete the project that began in September 1938. Characterized by the major span of 2800 feet, this became the third highest bridge on suspension. In July 1940, the bridge was opened. However, it collapsed in November of the same year (Scott 273). Sequence of Events The Moiseiff design began with the theoretical underpinning that was published in a 1933 paper with the help of Fred Liehard. The Moisseiff

Laundry service Industry Essay Example for Free

Laundry service Industry Essay India has a huge market for laundry business which is yet to be tapped to its potential. However, with the coming up of a number of hospitals hotels and even the Indian Railways turning to outsourcing of laundry activities, the industrial laundry sector in India is attracting foreign players. The hotel industry is witnessing a growing trend towards outsourcing its laundry. India is expected to add another 90,000 hotel rooms over the next five years, all of which are in the private sector, especially to meet the tourism demand. In 2010, 10 million people are expected to visit India. The Indian Railways run approximately 12,000 trains every day. The capacity is to carry 1. 4 Crore passengers/day. It employs around 17 lakh employees (10 lakh in Group C), including 10,000 officers. This presents a huge benefit to global players to quickly set up their laundries in India, and cater to the ever growing market. The healthcare industry, the upcoming and the existing, has started outsourcing laundry services. This sector which has been registering a growth of 9. 3% per annum between 2000 and 2009 is projected to grow by 15% per annum by 2013. Laundry services in India are classified into Industrial Laundry and Retail Laundry. Industrial laundry is in its infant stage with major demand coming from hospitals and hotels which have their in-house laundry. Retail laundry is a much organised market with some professionally managed companies catering to the retail needs. Overall, the laundry market in India is still untapped and unorganised. Industrial laundries generally require heavy capital investment in machinery and equipment for washing, spinning, ironing drying besides land and property to set-up a laundry. Since laundry market in India is dominated by the small local laundry stores and local dhobis, they are not equipped to handle the huge capital requirement. Equipment for industrial laundry An industrial laundry would require equipment for: Washing Drying Ironing * The type of equipment to be purchased would be depend on the volumes that the laundry expects from potential clientele on a daily basis. Equipment for industrial laundries are available in different sizes with varying capacities. Equipment are available in the market for small, medium as well as large industrial laundries. Equipment for industrial laundries should optimise the washing system considering criteria such as: * Usage of appropriate washing machinery which would guarantee maximum efficiency with appropriate wash cycles, high spin capacity and minimum energy consumption * Drier equipment should assure proper drying in the least amount of time with minimum energy consumption * Flatwork ironers capable of absorbing the production of the driers to assure a high quality press * Automation of the laundry handling processes in order to save personnel costs and increase productivity Stages in industrial laundry An industrial laundry generally involves five stages namely: * Soiled Retrieval The linen collected usually is dropped down a laundry chute. Laundry workers collect the soiled linen, in reserved carts and transport it to the laundry facility. * Soil Sorting The retrieved linen is unloaded and sorted. Different items often require different washing formulas. Heavy or bio hazardous stains such as blood and faeces may require longer wash times and stronger formulas. Large institutions often use a production-line method for soil sorting, with several full-time employees assigned to the task. Since soiled linen may be contaminated with biohazards or sharp objects, employees involved in the sorting process are required to use personal protective equipment and standard safety precautions. * Washing The sorted linen is weighed according to the washing machine’s load limit. Certified washer operator loads and unloads the large washing machines, decides what is to be washed according to the laundry’s schedule and monitors the chemical levels in the water. Since modern tunnel washers monitor their own chemical levels and unload linen directly into the laundry’s clean area, the operator is required only to load the linen. Over the past 20 years, many industrial laundries have switched from conventional washers to tunnel washers, also called continuous-batch washers. Since tunnel washers don’t have to be stopped for loading and unloading of linen, they provide a more continuous flow of clean laundry. Higher-volume facilities which may process over 15,000kg of linen per day often rely heavily on tunnel washers * Processing The clean linen is dried, ironed and folded. Some items, such as towels and blankets, are put through a dryer until they are no longer damp, then sent to mechanical folders. Wet work items, such as sheets, are sent through steam-powered ironers which dry, press and fold them. Ironers use heavy steam-heated rollers to dry the linen while pressing out wrinkles. Some items, such as wash cloths, may be too small to be handled mechanically. These items must be packaged by hand. * Packaging Distribution The processed linen is prepared for delivery. Individual orders are filled, based on the needs and requests of the laundry’s customers and sent to the laundry’s main distribution points and storage areas. Linen not used for orders is placed in storage areas, giving the facility a reserve of clean laundry. Trained delivery people transport the clean linen back to the customers. This is a skilled position, since the delivery person must have a thorough knowledge of both laundry operation and the principles of good customer service. In hospitals, delivery people must be familiar with patient relations, confidentiality policies. Large institutions will usually employ several full-time delivery people. Eco-friendly Chemicals Halide Chemicals has launched a new range of eco-friendly laundry chemicals. The complete professional range consists of 10 products in powder and liquid formulations. The Laundro Det and Boost-E is a powder detergent and booster; Laundro Mulse-E is a liquid emulsifier for FB laundry; Laundro Bleach-O s a powder oxygen bleach for coloured and whites; Laundro Rinse is a liquid organic neutralising rinse; Laundro Complete is a powder all-in-one detergent and oxygen bleach for coloured and whites; Laundrokleen is a liquid all-in-one detergent for guest and domestic laundry; Laundro Soft is a liquid softener for towels and linen; Laundro Soft-N is a liquid 2-in-1 neutraliser and softener for towels and linen; Laundro Chlor-10 is a liquid chlorine bleach 10% for white linen and Laundro Rinse-C is a liquid neutralizing rinse after chlorine bleaching. The range is phosphate free. The base detergent is free from slurry based detergents and made from biodegradable surfactants. Haylide has used organic biodegradable acids in rinses softeners in place of harmful, inorganic and traditional laundry rinses. The oxygen bleaches and all-in-one single shot formulations reduce cycles of bleach and rinse. The softener range with combination of cationic water soluble silicones provide softest results. The emulsifier for FB stains is biodegradable and utilises denatured ethanol in place of IPA as a natural solvent.

The Internet Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

The Internet The Internet and World Wide Web are commonly used words among people today. As a college student especially, the Web and Internet play a huge part of life. What is sometimes tough to realize though is the newness of the Internet and the Web. Because the two have become such a huge part of life, it is shocking to consider that the Internet itself has only been in existence for the past thirty years or so. It is important to understand the history of the Internet and the creation of the Web to better prepare for the future of the two and to ensure that the use of the resources is maximized, focused, and beneficial to all mankind. The History The roots of the internet can be traced to the year 1957. 1957 was a year dedicated to atmospheric research and was the year in which the USSR launched a small orbiting satellite into the Earth’s atmosphere. Shortly after the satellite was launched, the United States created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Ministry of Defense. This agency was created to number one, protect the U.S. against the threat of technological advances made by other countries and number two, to ensure the United States was keeping on top of state-of-the-art technology. Initially the focus of ARPA was on space, missiles, and nuclear tests. Several scientists worked within the agency along with several sub-contractors to create the latest technology. Even though computing was not the main priority of the agency, directors of the agency had a vision to create a direct link between the computers of the ARPA headquarters and all of its subcontractors. In 1962, John Licklider, an MIT scientist, was appointed by ARPA to lead a computer research development program.... ...22 October 2004. . Internet2. 22 October 2004. . Kristula, Dave. â€Å"The History of the Internet.† March 1997. 21 October 2004. . Leiner, Barry M. and Vinton G. Cerf. â€Å"A Brief History of the Internet.† Internet Society (ISOC). 22 October 2004. . â€Å"Next generation research networks†. Library and Archives Canada. 3 March 2004. 22 October 2004. < http://www.collectionscanada.ca/pubs/netnotes/notes42.htm>. â€Å"Usage and Population Statistics.† Internet World Stats. 22 October 2004. . Webopedia. 23 October 2004. . World Wide Web Consortium. 22 October 2004. .

Isolationism, Intervention, and Imperialism: Assignment Essay

Monroe Doctrine: statement issued by President James Monroe stating that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to further European intervention Intervention: involvement by a foreign power in the affairs of another nation, typically to achieve the stronger power’s aims Sphere of Influence: an area or region over which a country has significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence Isolationism: policy of refraining from involvement in global affairs Expansionism: policy of growing a nation’s physical territory or political influence Imperialism: policy of creating colonies in weaker nations in order to generate raw materials and have access to new markets Turner’s Thesis. – An idea advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that argued that Americans should seek a new frontier, one in foreign lands; because this would help Americans maintain their inventive and energetic spirits Big Stick Policy: foreign policy under Theodore Roosevelt that used U.S. power to police foreign nations, particularly those in Latin America Roosevelt Corollary: policy put forth by Roosevelt stating the United States would intervene in Latin America on behalf of foreign powers if Latin American nations did not meet their agreements Dollar diplomacy: foreign policy under William Howard Taft that used U.S. economic power to try to shape international affairs Natural resources: materials such as oil, natural gas, lumber, gold, copper, waterways, and fertile soil that are native to a given place and can be used for economic benefits Markets: places where manufactured goods can be bought and sold Notes: Alaska Secretary of State William H. Seward signed the treaty to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867. Many Americans thought buying Alaska was a mistake. Alaska was barren and covered with ice. They called it names such as â€Å"Seward’s Folly† and the â€Å"Polar Garden.† The Russians agreed. They had decided to sell Alaska because they did not think it was profitable. But the purchase grew the nation by about 600,000 square miles—about twice the size of Texas—for only about two cents an acre. Despite low expectations, Alaska was rich with natural resources such as lumber, gold, copper, and other metals. Oil and natural gas were discovered in Alaska, which continues to fuel battles between conservationists and energy and mining interests. The discovery of gold in Alaska in the 1890s led to a gold rush. It also encouraged the development of Seattle as a major port. Pacific Islands – Midway, Samoa, Guam After the Civil War, U.S. expansionism into the Pacific began. Merchant ships sought places to refuel. Missionaries wished to spread Christianity around the globe. The United States began expanding in the Pacific with the occupation of the Midway Islands, located about 3,000 miles west of California. Just as merchants needed ports to refuel their trading ships, the U.S. Navy needed safe harbors abroad. The United States began working to gain control of strategic ports in the Pacific in order to meet this need. Small islands that had been mostly ignored by imperial powers thus became more valuable. Before long, the United States had established rights in Pacific island nations including the Marshall Islands and Guam. U.S. traders and missionaries stopped in Samoa en route to Australia. Rivalries among the United States, Britain, and Germany became heated in 1878 after Samoa gave the United States permission to build a military base in Pago Pago. To settle this dispute—but witho ut consulting the Samoans—the United States and Germany divided up the islands. Britain agreed to withdraw in return for the rights to other Pacific islands. In 1899, this division was complete. The United States annexed its portion of Samoa. Hawaii Missionaries and whalers were the first Americans to stop on the Hawaiian Islands. Some eventually settled there. American settlers also began growing sugar and selling it to the United States. Sugar became Hawaii’s most important export. Former Americans came to dominate both Hawaii’s economy and its government. In 1875, the United States and Hawaii agreed to give the United States favored-nation status. This allowed Hawaiian sugar to be imported to the United States without tariffs. In 1887, the United States pressured the Hawaiian government to allow the United States to establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor in exchange for renewing this agreement. This agreement ended when Congress passed the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Under pressure from U.S. sugar growers, Congress revoked Hawaii’s special privilege and forced Hawaiian sugar growers to compete with U.S. and Cuban  sugar producers. As a result, Hawaii faced a severe economic depression. To get around this tariff, planters in Hawaii plotted to make Hawaii a territory of the United States. Political turmoil followed as American Hawaiians clashed with the native government under Queen Liliuokalani. Over the next decade, sugar growers and other U.S. interests pushed to have the Hawaiian Islands annexed by the United States. Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900. Japan Americans wanted to begin trading with Japan to grow their profitable Pacific trade. Japan also offered a place for fisherman in the commercial whaling industry to refuel. But for two centuries, Japan had isolated itself from the rest of the world. It limited outside influence by restricting trade with all but a few Dutch and Chinese traders. Japan also prohibited foreigners from entering the country. This changed on March 31, 1854, when U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry landed in Japan. Aware that it would be unable to defend itself and perhaps fearing war, Japan agreed to a treaty of friendship. China In the mid-1800s, China opened its ports to trade with the United States and Europe. However, China’s leaders were unable to keep foreign powers from taking over its territory. In 1895, Japan attacked China, taking over a large Chinese peninsula. China was severely weakened, and the European powers took advantage. In the late 1890s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China. These gave European nations favorable-trade status. Many U.S. business and government leaders worried that they were not given equal access, so the United States proposed an Open Door Policy with China. This policy allowed all nations to trade freely in China. But European governments realized that the policy would greatly benefit the United States and take away the power that European nations had accumulated. Thus, they were reluctant to accept this policy. In 1899, a group of Chinese martial artists led the Boxer Rebellion. This violent uprising against foreign influence in China was put d own two months later. By then, however, more than 200 foreigners had been killed. Not wanting another bloody rebellion, European powers then accepted the Open Door Policy. The policy respected China’s borders and vowed to maintain its independence. Venezuela Venezuela and Great Britain had long disputed the boundary separating Venezuela and British Guiana. After a 509-ounce gold nugget was found in the disputed territory, tensions rose. Both countries claimed the gold was discovered in their territory. Eager to enforce the Monroe Doctrine and to keep Britain from gaining more land in the Western Hemisphere, President Grover Cleveland attempted to intervene. Eventually a neutral arbitrator settled the dispute. But the message to the world that the United States would enforce the Monroe Doctrine was clear. Virgin Islands When the Europeans began colonizing the Americas, many countries targeted the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea. The Dutch claimed the islands, divided them into plantations, and began to grow sugarcane there. The Virgin Islands were an important stop on the Triangular Trade routes that passed from Europe to Africa and the Americas. After slavery was abolished on the islands and the sugarcane plantations began to fail, the United States set its sights on the territory in the late 1800s. By 1917, the United States had bought the Islands from the Dutch. At the beginning of U.S. occupation of the islands, the U.S. Navy controlled the territory. Alaska purchased from Russia acquire land and resources Samoa agreed to split rights with Germany acquire ports in the Pacific China instituted Open Door Policy gain trading rights in China Cuba refused to support revolution maintain isolationist ideals Dominican Republic sent financial adviser Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Hawaii refused to, but eventually did annex maintain isolationist ideals; gain valuable resources Japan opened trading gain trading partner Venezuela and British Guiana tried to intervene in dispute gained Monroe Doctrine Virgin Islands purchased from Denmark acquire land, military ports, and resources

Portugal Exploration Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Portuguese Exploration highlighted the country’s ascendancy to economic growth and power. Explorations are never easy endeavors. New lands will be discovered, wherein achieving success is indeed very uncertain. Moreover, the mere fact that the country needs to supply all the materials—from food to ship repairs, are too expensive. However, although explorations are masked by doubt and hopeless skies, its outcome can lead to enormous wealth and benefits that will enable the nation to experience abundance in succeeding years to come. When Portugal never gave up its hopes and dreams regarding land discoveries, such big decision resulted to positive results. At the onset of the 16th century, Portugal pioneered explorations in the whole course of Europe, thus, discovering more and new routes to Africa, the Atlantic, Asia and even South America (â€Å"Portugal† n.d).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning, nobody has expected Portugal to literally conquer the world. The nation was then torn with poverty and to a certain extent, economic deterioration (Arnold 2002, p. 22). Given this situation at hand, domination is totally taken out of the picture. If Portugal cannot even feed its own people, then it would be readily impossible for it to support the demands of land explorations and discoveries. However, this did not prevent the nation from pursuing its dreams—from materializing the aim to make its name within the torn pages of history books. It turned out that Portugal’s seemingly hopeless case is one of its greatest blessings. Since the country was in its severe state, it has no other choice but to continue with the explorations. If success seems to be impossible within the domain of land-based expansion, then there is still hope when such is done overseas (Arnold 2002, p.22). As Arnold (2002) explained, Portugal’s navigation success basically replaced the land-based orientation of wealth and power that was established by the evolving Spanish (empire) (p. 22). Factors determining Portugal’s exploration success   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are different factors that are attributed to Portugal’s exploration successes. These three are highly characterized by maritime development as well as the undying support given by the Portuguese government. The first factor has something to do with Portugal’s geographic position (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Portugal can be seen along the west side of the Iberian Peninsula (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Livingstone implied (1993) that the nation is readily blessed with its strategic location (p. 41). It possesses rivers that are long enough to be navigated (Livingstone 1993, p. 41). It has â€Å"favorable winds (Livingstone 1993, p. 41)† that can take ships into their planned journeys or destination. The last but not the least is the existence of raw and organic harbors which creates a perfect and highly suitable setting for maritime development (Livingstone 1993, p. 41).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If one has to take a closer look, this aspect alone puts Portugal into a great advantage over its rivals or competitors. Once and for all, circumnavigating the world requires not only human skills, nature also plays an important role. Although, exceptional navigation talents are expected to arise, there is no doubt that if nature decides to intervene, the course would be more difficult and complicated as expected. It can be also implied that Portugal’s geographical design enabled the latter to discover more efficient routes from any angle. The crew can easily explore more unknown areas since they have good reference points that are essential in establishing maps.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, the second factor can be traced to Portugal’s developing â€Å"maritime economy (â€Å"Portugal, n.d).† The ports of Lisbon and Oporto became the cente of commerce and trade for the country (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Mostly of the financial means that were used to support the voyages came from these trade districts (â€Å"Portugal,† n.d). However, aside from financing the navigation plans, Maddision (2006) also mentioned that the bays and coast cities of Portugal is abundant enough to supply the needs and demands of the local residents (p.22). Aside from trading per se, it can be seen that Portugal has other ways of gaining incomes, profits and revenues. But then again, perhaps the greatest contributions of the maritime industry are the vast knowledge and information that Portuguese fisherman has learned due to their constant and continuous immersion with the Atlantic seas (Maddison 2006, p.22). Their mastery of sea winds, tides and weather (Maddison 2006, p.22). It allowed Portuguese explorers and navigators to conduct more research on navigation. Yet, more than anything else, they were able to build ships that can withstand the pressures and hardships brought forth by unfathomable oceans (Maddison 2006, p.22). They created â€Å"lateen sails† and in the long run, they combined it with â€Å"square sails† which allowed them to sail through the South Atlantic and further discover more ways or routes in the Cape area (Maddison 2006, p.22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the third determinant of the Portuguese exploration’s success stems from the fact that its monarchy readily showed support and encouragement for these plans (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). The government ensured that â€Å"tax privileges† and insurances are available for both the ship owners and navigators (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). As a matter of fact, it is not only the king that readily lent a helping hand to make these undertakings possible. Even members of the aristocracy assured that they can be pillars of strength and encouragement (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Obviously, without the system’s support and permission, the voyages would not happen. As previously mentioned, even if there are enough materials and supplies if the monarchy is not open to the idea, then Portugal’s domination may not come into place. The essential role of the Portuguese government, in this aspect can be briefly understood in several points. Once and for all, the tax regulations enabled the nation to satisfy the prerogatives of exploration and at the same time ensure a healthy lifestyle for its local citizens. Second, the monarchy served as a strong influence for both the explorers and local residents. If the king refused such plans, then the public would not be able to recognize its value and importance. Since local residents are the ones who are chiefly involved in production works, the explorers would have a hard and difficult time convincing these people about their dreams and visions, if the king per se, would show doubts regarding the matter. Moreover, the monarchy is in charge of making decisions on how they can possible benefit from the discoveries that they made—to be more specific, the Portuguese government is in charge of devising strategies on how they can possible gain profits and revenues on new routes and land areas. This is important for unless the people know that they benefit from it, they would continue to support such plan. A Brief History of Portugal Exploration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to further reasons behind the success ad failure of the Portuguese exploration, it is best to have a brief discussion or outline of the nation’s navigation history. As mentioned earlier, the contributions of Portugal in the world can neither be questioned not taken for granted. Even though it has eventually declined in the long years to come, it cannot be discounted that Portugal is one of the few nations that have managed to maintain and still control its colonies by the end of the 19th century (Diffie & Winius 1977, p. 4). The mere fact that it was able to sustain such set-up exemplifies its power and strength.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diffie and winius (1977) explained that Portugal was inspired by the accomplishments of the Han and Roman Empires (p.4). However, since it cannot fully embarked on land-based conquests and imperialism, discovering other lands became the last recourse, and as discussed, nature’s blessings made a way for the nation embarked on long journeys and voyages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The foundations of the Portuguese exploration can be traced to as far as 1415 (Wiarda 200, p. 21). In those times, Ceuta was then considered as the center of spice trade in the west (Wiarda 2000, p.21). Portugal has managed to put Ceuta under its control and thus the urge to control more lands became irresistible. While Ceuta was then an important investment for Portugal, Wiarda (2000), however noted that Portugal’s main goal by that time was to spread Christianity to Morrocco (p.4). Within the aspect of colonialism, religion is an indespensbale tool. The Portuguese readily used the matter to interact with the natives. Due to language barriers, it would be hard for both the colonizers and the colony to understand or communicate with each other. Thus, the concept of having a Supreme Being bridged the gap between the two races.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But on a closer examination, the downfall of Morocco, inspired many of Portuguese warriors and soldiers to bring more honor, glory and prestige to their very own mother country (Wiarda 200, p.187). In addition to that, Prince Henry who happened to be the very first supporter of Portuguese explorations have heard stories from prisoners about lands and areas that were still undiscovered (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). The capture of Morocco allowed Prince Henry to have his first taste of the African cost (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Having said this, indeed, his curiosity was further heightened. The excitement and passion to conquer more lands became stronger than ever. Prince Henry â€Å" The Navigator†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The success in Ceuta encouraged Prince Henry to show his undying support to explorations. Prince Henry can be best described as someone who knew how to transform his visions and ideals into realistic issues and concerns. The prince knows that explorations may not necessarily yield to positive results. But this did not discourage him. Despite of the fact that there is a strong enthusiasm and excitement on Prince Henry’s part, Wiarda (2000) stated that this does not mean that that the young leader was already aware of explorations’ benefits and advantages (p.21). According to Wiarda (2000) Prince Henry’s primary concern by then was the budding market for exotic and wild animals (p.21). But in the long run, explorations’ commercial benefit was slowly embedded into the prince’s young mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, the materialization of Prince Henry’s dreams came into the picture during the reign of Joao II (Wiarda 2000, p. 21). The foundations of an exploration plan have been successfully laid out. Gallagher (2003) noted that the first move was to discover a route from Africa that can easily lead to India (p.5). With all these endeavors, the monarchy assured that they will handle all the transactions and see to it that it profiteering activities would be efficiently managed (Gallagher 2003, p. 80). The competition against Spain led Portugal to keep its navigation development in extreme secrecy (Gallagher 2003, p.5). Even the voyages per se were kept confidential (Gallagher 2003, p5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During those times, Cape Bojador was seen as the end of the world (Wiarda 2000, p.187). Since there is already a signal pr permission from the monarchy to explore more, Prince Henry in return, challenged his men to go beyond the limits of Cape Bojardor (Wiarda 2000, p. 187). The whole crew landed in Madeira in 1420 and seven years after, the Portuguese explorers made their first step in Azores (Keefee et. al 1977, p.60). This was also the time when Portugal finally confirmed that Cape Bojador was not the world’s end point (Keefe et.al 1977, p.60). This is simply the start of Portugal’s domination. Even though the so-called Navigator died in 1460 (â€Å"Portugal,† n.d), his legacies was continued and still promoted by the succeeding Portugal rulers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historians and members of the academe outlined several distinct reasons regarding Prince Henry’s obsessions. One of this is the urge to know more lands beyond Cape Bojador (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). In an era wherein bigger colonies equate to more economic successes, going beyond Cape Bojador’s geographical limitations is an outright advantage. Another reason is Portugal’s aim to develop trade relations to other areas or counties (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). There is also the aim to study the strength of their rivals and at the same time, ensure that battles will be waged against those who opposed Christianity and therefore ensure that the religion would proliferate (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Reasons for Exploration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general and not only for Portugal, there are three determinants of why explorations happen or occur. The first one has something to do with the spice trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236). Spices such as nutmeg, mace, ginger, cinnamon and paper are pretty popular in the European regions trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236). The Ottomans were able to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean barter trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236) Because of this, European envoys had no other choice but to look for alternative routes. Since spices are very much in demand, there is no doubt that to become a spice supplier would indeed result to an increase in profits and revenues. The supply is low and the demands are high. Therefore, those who are able to satisfy the demand can also ask for a higher price. This argument are also supported by Kiple and Omelas (2000, p.436).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kiple and Omelas (2000) mentioned that many European countries, most especially those which are engaged in exploration are also seeking for a new route to get a steady supply of spices (p. 436). This according to the two, prompted competing nations to further improve their navigation tactics and skills. The competition is stiff and they cannot remain calm. However, as for this case, since Portugal has already explored the areas beyond Cape Bojador, the challenge became an easy feat for the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the initial steps, it was the Arabs that has total control over the matter (Wolpert 1999, p.45). However, a small fleet, headed by Vasco de Gama made the Arabs surrender (Wolpert 1999, p.45). According to Wolpert (1999), although De Gama’s success enabled Portugal to establish a monopoly over spice trade (p.45). His triumph and glory is more than enough to pay from all the expenses that were spent during his journey (Wolpert 1999, p.45).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roupp (2001) also noted that technology can be also considered as one of Portugal’s motivating force for explorations (p. 236). The technological aspect means that as man continue to develop materials and tools to satisfy their needs, this brought them other opportunities. As for the case of Portugal, since they are able to build ships and sails that are highly capable or navigating the earth, soon they found it that if they can further enhance these materials and incorporate several functions such as incorporating military weapons like the cannons, for example, they can easily defeat their enemies and those who are creating conflicts and hindrances (Roupp 2001, p. 236).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, Roupp (2001) stressed that curiosity levels were readily high during the Renaissance period and thus, it became a motivational force for many nations to explore more of the unknown world (p.236).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the meantime, if one has to critically assess it, it is apparent that the goal for profit and revenues best explains the intensity of Portuguese explorations. As readily discussed, the passing years allowed Portugal to diversify its economic hold and control. Prince Henry’s focus on the exotic animal market shifted into another realm since the monarchy has also recognized the other benefits of voyages and expeditions. It can be also remembered that Portugal is also one of the pioneers of the slave trade in Africa. Since they have discovered more lands in the said continent, colonization was reshaped. From goods that are bartered, human trade became popular too. The cheap labor rendered by captured slaves and prisoners were seen as a good source of profit and income. Moreover, there is also the spice trade which further strengthened Portugal’s domination. Since they basically spearheaded the exploration quests and technology, they have readily capitalized on it. The return of investments was more than what they have expected. Portugal’s Failure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Portugal was basically at the apex of its exploration successes the country failed to see certain events that would eventually lead to its bitter downfall.   Perhaps this can be best explained by the country’s inability to manage all its colonies (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). It has been carefully discussed in this paper that Portugal was able to discover more lands. This readily means that once they have settled in those areas, they have to efficiently supervise all the activities that occur in it. This situation should not come as a surprise or it is rather expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, it is pretty impossible for Portugal to directly manage its colonies since they are miles away from each other. The empire has to send its people to those areas in order to ensure that everything falls in their proper places. But distant lands prohibit simultaneous coordination and interaction among the leaders. For the monarchy, it is pretty hard for it to establish appropriate solutions and regulations for their colonies unless they have actual experience of the problem that is being manifested in a particular area. It would take months and years before updates and reports can be handed to the King. The moment that actions are ratified and certain laws are promulgated, there is a strong tendency that the problem has already become worse or the approaches used are no longer applicable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to that, viceroys and appointed leaders have to be financially supported by the monarchy. This is done to ensure that area rulers have enough supply of food and other materials to sustain their everyday lives and activities. But of course, the financial support came from the local residents’ taxes and hard-earned money. In the long run, there are also instances wherein the monarchy can no longer back-up and support these needs. This is most especially true if Portuguese leaders have already built their families in their respective colonies. As a result, the profits and revenues that they have collected from their colonies are barely enough for them to extend their stays and manage their specific domains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also important to note that distance issues are also prone to illegal activities. Appointed leaders could be tempted by the seemingly lucrative activities that are present in their colonies. When monitoring, coordinating and interacting are rarely practiced, then there is no doubt that Portuguese found itself on the losing end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The last but definitely not the least is the death of King Sebastian (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). This sad event proved to be a golden opportunity for Spain. King Philip II, who was the Spain’s rulers and King Sebastian’s uncle took over the latter’s position. What happened to Portugal then was that, it became Spain’s province (â€Å"Portugal† n.d). Relatively, the techniques and strategies that Portugal created and developed were exploited by Spain. Thus all the forthcoming success was now done in the name of Spain instead of Portugal. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Portugal is basically engulfed with the sweet promises of explorations and land discoveries. Although Roupp (2001) suggested that curiosity plays an important role, this aspect is outlasted by the need for profit and revenues (p.236). Once and for all, since Portugal has captured Ceuta, they have already recognized that if they can discover more lands, they can use the domain’s working force to their own advantage. They can ask the natives to produce goods that are widely popular in the European market. Moreover, it is pretty impossible to conclude that Portugal simply tried to know new routes for curiosity’s sake alone. The spice trade for example and the country’s domination and supremacy on the said area are manifestations of the unrelenting drive for both economic and geographic expansion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, since offshore management was not efficiently executed, such led to the downfall of what was once considered as the globe’s superpower. References Arnold, D. 2002. The Age of Discovery, 1400-1600. Routledge: USA Diffie, B   and Winius, D. (1977).  Ã‚   Foundations of the Portuguese Empire. Minnesota, USA:   Ã‚  Ã‚   University of Minnesota Press Gallagher, A. (2003). Prince Henry the Navigator: Pioneer of Modern Exploration. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York:    Rosen Publishing Group Inc Keefe, E. et. al (1977). Area Handbook for Portugal. Washington, DC: U.S. Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Printing Office Kiple, K and Omelas, K. 2000. The Cambridge World History of Food. Cambridge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press: Edinburgh Livingstone, D. 1993. The Geographical Tradition: Episodes in the History of A Contested   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enterprise. Blackwell Publishing: USA Maddisson, A. 2006. The World Economy. OECD: France â€Å"Portugal† n.d. University of Calgary. Retrieved 18 March 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/portuguese.html Roupp, H. 2001. How to Prepare for SAT II. Barron’s: New York Wiarda, I. (2000). Handbook of Portuguese Studies. USA: Xlibris Corporation Wolpert, S. 1999. India. University of California Press: Berkeley   

Orange Is The New Black Professor Ramos Blog

Orange Is The New Black Orange Is The New Black Women’s prisons are gaining fame in a new way. â€Å"Orange Is the New Black† made its premier on Netflix in 2013 as a comedy-drama series. It is based on real life events from a book called â€Å"My Year in a Woman’s Prison† written by Piper Kerman. Even though this show is hysterical, it still focuses on the real-life issues such as; privilege, the disadvantaged, and mental illness. Many series don’t often involve woman and the prison system. I think it’s nice to see what could possibly go on in there. Orange Is The New Black has just entered its 6th season, making that 78 episodes. With the production being in New York, The creator Jenji Kohan has found a lot of raw talent that have made a huge impact when portraying these characters. Chapman is a main character in the beginning who is being sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Prison for criminal conspiracy and money laundering. She is well-educated, white, and a narcissist. Chapman is based on the book author, Piper Kerman, who was sentenced to a woman’s minimum-security prison. The writers of this show have made it clear that authorities have become very fond of her. Making her sentence feel a little lighter than the rest of the inmates. It could be that â€Å"white privilege† comes into to play, considering the fact that she has been granted many things that those of color cannot get. The inmates see that she is being favored which makes her presence unwanted. She soon tries to make amends meet with a powerful prisoner by giving her a gift. But in order to make this gift she needs shea butter. Chapman is introduced to a character that goes by the name of â€Å"Taystee†. Chapman trades a lock of her blond hair for Taystee’s shea butt er in hopes of this chaotic drama ending. Taystee wears the blond lock of hair with confidence, as she was looking for a new hairstyle. Taystee’s character is one that a lot of young troubled girls can relate to. She has been in and out of the system all her life. She was put into foster care at birth and remained a ward of the court until she was 16. She met a woman name â€Å"Vee† who was a notorious drug dealer. Taystee always wanted a mother figure in her life and Vee was the closes thing to that. Taystee wasn’t free from the foster system for too long as she ended up in juvenile hall then prison. It is clear that the writers wanted to emphasized the fact that Taystee prefers the system structure rather than freedom. But quite frankly that’s all she’s known. With such a hectic life all she wants is to settle down and find a purpose in life like the rest of us. In prison she has her life set as she is the librarian and has a best friend to always rely on. Things were fine in her life th en boom! The writers wanted to make her life more upsetting. As Taystee loses her friend to a murder committed by an authority figure. It looked like no one would be getting charged for this crime, Of course no one would be charged, right? Have you seen today’s society! Emotions run high within her circle of friends. One particular friend, who has mental health issues, takes it to the heart. At this point everything’s going haywire in the script! â€Å"Crazy Eyes† aka Suzanne is her name. Many characters in the story show signs of mental illness. This is an actual problem in our system. Many prisoners should belong in treatment facilities to get the actual help they need. Orange Is The New Black definitely shows the reality of these issues. The actor Uzo Aduba who plays Suzanne does an amazing job at getting every little detail right. Suzanne is one of the main characters who portrays an inmate that is very intelligent but lacks in social skills and can burst out with emotion at any second. She hits herself on the head when she thinks she’s done something wrong while repeatedly saying â€Å"stupid†. Her antipsychotic medication helps her but only to an extent. Her mentality is that of a six-year-old, which is what landed her in prison. With prison going wild, Suzanne is put in a terrifying position by a guard who tried to make her fight another inmate. This scene is intense while Suzanne is going insane trying to control her emotions. And the outcome is not pretty. Suzanne gets involved when a murder takes place resolving from this situation. She doesn’t tell anyone in fear of having the blame put on her. But can she keep it in for long? She’s slowly losing her mind from not taking her medication that cannot be provided to her due to the fact that there is a huge riot going on. She is left with trauma, not knowing what the future holds. It makes you wonder if this really goes on in there. Do guards really abuse those that are mentally unstable for their own satisfaction? Because a lot of abuse goes on in this show. With all of the sex, drugs, riots and drama going on, it’s no wonder why this became such an instant hit on Netflix. But what Piper Kerman wanted from this experience is to be some sort of advocate for woman’s prison. With woman being a fast-growing population of the prison system, a majority of the female inmates are being mistreated. Using her privilege to bring some light to the prisons poor conditions such as; not giving the right supplies to woman and shackling up the new mothers-to-be during labor and delivery. I don’t think Piper’s voice is loud enough to be heard, but it’s a start. Sad news about this story is that it will be coming to an end. Season 7 will be its final premier in 2019 after running its course for 6 years. Chapman, Taystee, and Suzanne have a complete new twist in the upcoming season that will change their lives forever. Will you be watching it? work cited: vulture.com By: Gwynne Watkins June 5, 2014 aclu.org By: Monifa Bandele October 23, 2017 tv.avclub.com By: Myles McNutt July 27, 2018 variety.com orangeisthenewblack.fandom.com

Early American Aircraft Development and World War I

Early American Aircraft Development and World War I While human warfare dates back to at least the 15th Century when the Battle of Megiddo  (15th century BC) was fought between Egyptian forces and a group of Canaanite vassal states led by the king of  Kadesh, air combat is barely more than a century old.  The Wright brothers made the first flight in history in 1903 and in 1911 aircraft were first used for warfare by Italy using planes to bomb Libyan tribesmen.  In World War I, aerial warfare would play a major for both sides with dogfights first taking place in 1914 and by 1918 the British and German were making widespread use of bombers to attacking each others cities. By the end of World War I, more than 65,000 airplanes had been built. The Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright piloted first powered airplane flights in history over the windy beaches of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.  The Wright brothers made four flights that day; with Orville taking the first flight that lasted a mere twelve seconds and traversed 120 feet.  Wilbur piloted the longest flight which covered 852 feet and lasted 59 seconds.  They choose Kitty Hawk due to the constant winds of the Outer Banks that helped to lift their aircraft off the ground. Aeronautical Division Created On August 1, 1907, the United States established the Aeronautical Division of the Office of the Chief Signal Caller.  This group was placed in â€Å"charge of all matters pertaining to military ballooning, air machines, and all kindred subjects.† The  Wright brothers  made the initial test flights in August 1908 of what they hoped would become the Armys first airplane, the Wright Flyer. This had been built to military specifications.  In order to be awarded a military contract for their aircraft, the Wright brothers had to prove that their planes were able to carry passengers. First Military Casualty   On September 8 and 10, 1908, Orville conducted exhibition flights and carried two different Army officers for a plane ride.  On September 17th Orville made his third flight carrying Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge, who became the very first U.S. military personnel to be a casualty from an airplane crash. In front of a crowd of 2,000 spectators, Lt. Selfridge was flying with Orville Wright when the right propeller broke causing the craft to lose thrust and go into a nosedive. Orville turned off the engine and was able to an altitude of about 75 feet, but the Flyer still hit the ground nose-first. Both Orville and Selfridge were thrown forward with Selfridge striking a wooden upright of the framework causing a fractured skull which led to his death a few hours later. In addition, Orville suffered several severe injuries which included a broken left thigh, several broken ribs, and a damaged hip. Orville spent seven weeks in a hospital recuperating. While Wright was wearing a cap, Selfridge was not wearing any headgear but had Selfridge had been wearing any type of helmet, he more than likely would have survived the crash. Due to Selfridges death, the U.S. Army required their early pilots to wear heavy headgear which was reminiscent of football helmets from that era. On August 2, 1909, the Army chose a revamped Wright Flyer which had undergone much more testing as the first powered fixed-wing aircraft.  On May 26, 1909, Lieutenants Frank P. Lahm and Benjamin D. Foulois had become the first U.S. serviceman to qualify as Army pilots.   Aero Squadron Formed The 1st Aero Squadron, also known as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, was formed on March 5, 1913, and it remains as America’s oldest flying unit.  President William Taft ordered the unit organized due to increasing tensions between the U.S. and Mexico.  At its’ origin, the 1st Squadron had 9 airplanes with 6 pilots and approximately 50 enlisted men. On March 19, 1916, General John J. Pershing ordered the 1st Aero Squadron to report to Mexico and therefore the first U.S. aviation unit to participate in military action.  On April 7, 1916, Lt. Foulois became the very first American pilot to be captured even though he was only held for a day. Their experience in Mexico taught both the Army and the U.S. Government a very valuable lesson. The Squadron’s main weakness was that it had too few airplanes to properly conduct a military operation.  World War I was teaching the importance of each squadron having 36 total airplanes: 12 operational, 12 for replacements, and 12 more in reserve of 12. The 1st Aero Squadron consisted of only 8 airplanes with minimal spare parts. In April 1916 with only 2 airplanes in the flyable condition in the 1st Aero Squadron, the Army requested a $500,000 appropriation from Congress to purchase 12 new airplanes – the Curtiss R-2’s that were equipped with Lewis guns, automatic cameras, bombs, and radios After much delay, the Army did receive 12 Curtiss R-2s but they were practical for the Mexican climate and required alterations which took until August 22, 1916, to get 6 planes into the air. As a result of their mission, the 1st Squadron was able to General Pershing with the first aerial review conducted by a U.S. air unit. US Aircraft in World War I When the United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, the countries aircraft industry was mediocre in comparison to Great Britain, Germany, and France, each of which had been involved in the war from the onset and had learned firsthand about the strengths and weaknesses of combat-ready aircraft.  This was true even though there had been more than ample funding provided by the U.S. Congress around the start of the war.   On July 18, 1914, the U.S. Congress replaced the Aeronautical Division with the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps.  In 1918, the Aviation Section then became the  Army Air Service.  It would not be until September 18, 1947, that the United States Air Force was formed as a separate branch of the U.S. military  under the National Security Act of  1947. Although the U.S. never reached the same degree of aviation production experienced by their European counter-parts countries during World War I, starting in 1920 numerous changes were made that resulted in the Air Force becoming a major military organization in time to help the United States prevail in World War II.

Definition and Examples of Speakers in Language Studies

Definition and Examples of Speakers in Language Studies In linguistics and communication studies, a speaker is one who speaks: the producer of an utterance.  In rhetoric, a speaker is an orator: one who delivers a speech or formal address to an audience. In literary studies, a speaker is a  narrator: one who tells a story.   Observations On Speakers The average adult English speaker has a vocabulary of around thirty thousand words and speaks ten to twelve sounds per second. Most of us in modern America, apart from the very solitary and the very garrulous, speak anywhere from 7,500 to 22,500 words a day. Grabbing these words, one every four hundred milliseconds on average, and arranging them in sequences that are edited and reviewed for grammar and appropriateness before theyre spoken requires a symphony of neurons working quickly and precisely. Pronouncing (or signing) words in any language requires that your brain coordinate with your body in order to turn the electricity of nerve impulses into waves of sound (or, if you sign, of gesture and motion). So far, scientists have been able to draw only simple models of how the control of language toggles back and forth between the brain and the body.(Michael Erard, Um, Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean. Random House, 2008)Since native speakers of a language can not have memorized each phrase or sentence of their language, given that the set of phrases and sentences is infinite, their linguistic knowledge cannot be characterized as a list of phrases or sentences. . . . If a list of phrases is insufficient, then how can we characterize the native speakers linguistic knowledge? We will say that a speakers linguistic knowledge can be characterized as a grammar consisting of a finite set of rules and principles that form the basis for the speakers ability to produce and comprehend the unlimited number of phrases and sentences of the language.(Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. MIT Press, 2001) We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance (the actual use of language in concrete situations). . . . A record of natural speech will show numerous false starts, deviations from rules, changes of plan in mid-course, and so on. The problem for the linguist, as well as the child learning the language, is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that have been mastered by the speaker-hearer and that he puts to use in actual performance.(Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965) Pronunciation: SPEE-ker Etymology: From the Old English, speak Source: Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. MIT Press, 2001 Michael Erard, Um, Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean. Random House, 2008 Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 5 SLP Essay

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 5 SLP - Essay Example In 1642, a Chinese rebel army shattered the Kaifeng dikes of the Yellow River resulting to deaths by inundation of some 370,000 denizens (Xu et al,1995,p.87). In November 13, 1970, a tidal wave accompanying a cyclone in today's Bangladesh snuffed out 500,000 lives (Young,1985,p.66). Lately, during the World Trade Center attacks by Al Qaeda terrorists on September 11, 2001, more than 30,000 people perished as the whole world watched in abject horror via their televisions (Craighead,2009,p.84). Man has learned to react systematically to these disasters. All that man must do is to prepare beforehand for the time when these arrive to wreak havoc on humanity, to respond to emergencies that spawn great distress and to establish recovery measures so that losses will be mitigated and alleviated. Humanity must particularly brace itself for dire, disastrous effects that global warming may at any time inflict on peoples' lives. Man has learned to institute and organize an Incident Command System. system that manages an expeditious and efficient response to all emergency incidents which response is flexible, multi-jurisdictional and complex and involving the coordination and orchestration of the functions and energies of state, federal and local responders. This also entails the utilization of a competent on-scene tool for the management of such response where the first persons or agencies to respond take control of the situation and adopt a standard, integrated organizational framework until an Incident Commander or any higher ranking responder takes over the command and control of the emergency scene (Hogar & Burstein,2007,p.143). Answer to Question 1 The Key Features of an Incident Command System or ICS: First, there is a legally delegated Incident Commander or IC who has absolute authority for directing all operations at the incident scene. The IC also has the power to appoint and delegate his or her responsibilities to alter egos who are most likely heads of government agencies. In the assigned Philippine scenario, the President is the IC and the appointing power on the basis of Section 17, Article VII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The agencies in charge of responding to calamities and

Southern and northern chinese business negotiations Essay

Southern and northern chinese business negotiations - Essay Example The compulsions of the present times require versatility in the work ideology and functioning, thus making it imperative that individuals and firms, embrace the multi-cultural to meet the challenges with efficiency and unmatched proficiency. Emerging markets are crucial in the era of globalization and can be defined as the new area with high income and where the demand for the product can be created with relative success. Cases of developing economies like China and India are prime examples that have huge potential for developing markets. China, with its fast developing economy, is a strong emerging market that has tremendous scope for the multinational companies. We would therefore be looking at the factors that have significant impact on the business negotiations and analyzing those factors for their role and impact on the company’s marketing policies and strategies in such market conditions because market strategies need to be tailored according to the environmental conditions of the place. China is the fastest developing economy that has captured a large market segment of the world market in the last decade and a half. The country also boasts of a highly cultural society that takes pride in its more than thousand years old culture and firmly believes in conducting its business within the broader framework of its cultural values and business ethics. The vast differences in the socio cultural values of the eastern countries and the western countries have complicated the business negotiation techniques which need to be further explored for better understanding of cross cultural values and business ethics. The purpose of the study is to examine the factors that influence the business negotiations of China with the international business community at large and the West in particular. In the fast changing global equation of socio economic development, it is

Financial_Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial_Managment - Essay Example The other significant cash flows include the firm’s cash flows from operations. These are derived by first getting the revenues after multiplying the forecasted sales volume to the sales price. After getting the revenues, the variable costs for labor and variable costs for materials are subtracted the gross contribution margin is derived. By deducting the additional fixed costs for the project and the depreciation expenses with the absence of income taxes in the analysis is derived, the incremental profit which is also the incremental cash flow. This incremental operating cash flow is significant in the latter analysis for getting the net present value and internal rate of return. The forecasted operating cash flows for the company are as follows: 1350000 in 2008, 1150000 in 2009, 1850000 in 2010, 1100000 in 2011, and 450000 in 2012. The last significant cash flow figure is the terminal cash flow which is comprised of the salvage value of the machinery as well as the recovery of working capital. The salvage value is derived getting the 10% of the purchase price of the machinery amounting to 425,000, which are the estimated selling price of the machinery after five years. The recovery of the working capital at the end of the project amounts to 1350000 in 2012. The total cash flows are then computed according to the year when they occurred. After the significant cash flows are computed, the time value of money should be considered as regards the timing of the cash flow in order to assess the investment well. Because of the time value of money, we need to bring the total cash flows and get their present value using the 12% hurdle rate as discount factor. By getting the present value of the cash flows then deducting the initial investment, we get a net present value of 777,745. The rule of thumb for getting the net present

Performance Measurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Measurement - Research Paper Example Jack Cohen, pioneer of Tesco, set up the organization in 1919 when he started to sell extra household items in the eastern parts of London. The name Tesco was first came on the horizon in 1924 while its first store was established in 1929. After thirteen years, Tesco turned out to be a limited company in 1932. Cohen struggled very hard to establish and expand its business. By 1939, he succeeded in establishing more than 100 Tesco stores all over the United Kingdom (Tesco Stores Limited). Tesco had a steady pace till 1980 whereby it gradually declined, however, in 90s, the company took a fresh stance and set a goal to become the Europe’s top food outlet (Tesco, 2009). For this particular rationale it chose to widen its areas of operations all over the European countries even ventured into Asian emerging markets especially in Gulf and Central Asian States. In UK, It rapidly expanded its network from 500 to 2500 grocery stores. In early 90s the entry of Tesco in Ireland was so ag gressive that it purchased all the retail stores of Quinnworth, Stewart, and Crazy Prices. Today almost more than 8000 brands are being offered to the customers at all major stores across the globe. The brands include electronic items, fuel, cloth, books, furniture, household daily routine items, Internet services, DVDs, CDs, and many other brands. Tesco plc presently engages more than 500,000 individuals who belong to fourteen different countries (Hawkes, 2012). In 2009, Tesco’s income surpassed ?1 billion each week and it continued for the whole year (Microsoft, 2010). Presently its share cost is 427. 55p and is far more than its top rivals having a share price of 332. 40p (Tesco, 2009). In London stock market, the Tesco function with logo TSCO where it is also part of FTSE 100 Index with revenue of ?64.539 billion and the net income of ?2.806 billion. The Balanced Scorecard is strategy performance management tool. It has been observed that most companies fail to execute th e strategy and to translate it at the lower level. The major cause of this failure is the complex strategy which the employees unable to understand at mass level. Sometimes only that person understands and knows the pros and cons of the strategy that have written or formulated it but even then there are cases that even formulator has no good idea to execute the strategy successfully. With the application of Balanced Scorecard the strategy approaches become more structured. It explains how one should make a systematic strategy for his or her organization, what perspective should be taken account, and consequently this approach gives exciting results. Most famous 1000 index companies have implemented Balanced Scorecard in their organizations. The foremost necessity of a balanced scorecard is that it helps the companies to understand the strategy, and supports to measure and improve their performances. Further routine jobs and everyday problems have no links with strategic objectives. These jobs, tasks, and problems are resolved and executed by the company but they don’t contribute to the major goals. The concept of Balanced Scorecard is different. It brings the top managers, CEOs, and investors to explain their strategies and goals. It links those goals to low level initiatives and line-level employees. It enables the

Teenage pregnancy in the uk and possible strategies to prevent it Research Proposal

Teenage pregnancy in the uk and possible strategies to prevent it - Research Proposal Example It is for these reasons a policy was evolved in early 1990s to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancies progressively and to reduce it by at least half by the year 2010. The brief literature review shows teenage pregnancies do not show any signs of abating and the problem is exacerbated by the tendencies of the teenagers giving a second birth before they reach 20 years. There are also fears that babies born to teenage mothers will themselves become teenage mothers due to built-in culture developed over generations. Systematic literature review is the sole research methodology adopted for the dissertation. The above results of literature review conducted justify a detailed secondary research further on the issue of teenage pregnancies in the U.K. This proposal is for a dissertation as part of the researcher’s B.Sc. Health field curriculum at the University of East London at the end of the degree in level III. The chosen topic is â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy In The UK And Possible Strategies To Prevent It† on which the researcher is required to make a systematic literature review as a secondary research. Teenage pregnancy worldwide is causing concern as it is associated with girls’ health mostly as unwed mothers susceptible to mortality as child bearers at the adolescent age without full grown body and HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Half the world population comprises of people, less than 25 years of age. People between the ages 10-19 are adolescents. The adolescents in their second decade of life contract STIs, HIV/AIDS more than any other age group. This target population is the hope for governments to substantially reduce the incidence of the said diseases. Only a very few countries have achieved limited incidences of STIs and HIV mainly by teaching their adolescents safe sexual practices. Among U.S., Canada, France and the U.K., the U.K. has

Performance Measurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Measurement - Research Paper Example Jack Cohen, pioneer of Tesco, set up the organization in 1919 when he started to sell extra household items in the eastern parts of London. The name Tesco was first came on the horizon in 1924 while its first store was established in 1929. After thirteen years, Tesco turned out to be a limited company in 1932. Cohen struggled very hard to establish and expand its business. By 1939, he succeeded in establishing more than 100 Tesco stores all over the United Kingdom (Tesco Stores Limited). Tesco had a steady pace till 1980 whereby it gradually declined, however, in 90s, the company took a fresh stance and set a goal to become the Europe’s top food outlet (Tesco, 2009). For this particular rationale it chose to widen its areas of operations all over the European countries even ventured into Asian emerging markets especially in Gulf and Central Asian States. In UK, It rapidly expanded its network from 500 to 2500 grocery stores. In early 90s the entry of Tesco in Ireland was so ag gressive that it purchased all the retail stores of Quinnworth, Stewart, and Crazy Prices. Today almost more than 8000 brands are being offered to the customers at all major stores across the globe. The brands include electronic items, fuel, cloth, books, furniture, household daily routine items, Internet services, DVDs, CDs, and many other brands. Tesco plc presently engages more than 500,000 individuals who belong to fourteen different countries (Hawkes, 2012). In 2009, Tesco’s income surpassed ?1 billion each week and it continued for the whole year (Microsoft, 2010). Presently its share cost is 427. 55p and is far more than its top rivals having a share price of 332. 40p (Tesco, 2009). In London stock market, the Tesco function with logo TSCO where it is also part of FTSE 100 Index with revenue of ?64.539 billion and the net income of ?2.806 billion. The Balanced Scorecard is strategy performance management tool. It has been observed that most companies fail to execute th e strategy and to translate it at the lower level. The major cause of this failure is the complex strategy which the employees unable to understand at mass level. Sometimes only that person understands and knows the pros and cons of the strategy that have written or formulated it but even then there are cases that even formulator has no good idea to execute the strategy successfully. With the application of Balanced Scorecard the strategy approaches become more structured. It explains how one should make a systematic strategy for his or her organization, what perspective should be taken account, and consequently this approach gives exciting results. Most famous 1000 index companies have implemented Balanced Scorecard in their organizations. The foremost necessity of a balanced scorecard is that it helps the companies to understand the strategy, and supports to measure and improve their performances. Further routine jobs and everyday problems have no links with strategic objectives. These jobs, tasks, and problems are resolved and executed by the company but they don’t contribute to the major goals. The concept of Balanced Scorecard is different. It brings the top managers, CEOs, and investors to explain their strategies and goals. It links those goals to low level initiatives and line-level employees. It enables the

From your perspective and your experience, what do you think your Article

From your perspective and your experience, what do you think your culture can offer an American How can you contribute to the development of a cross-cultural perspective - Article Example The thirst of learning and the respect of teachers can be the most inspiring factor for an American. The elongated feathers of social values embedded in the Middle Eastern culture can never leave any American untouched. The system of upbringing a child with moral values, blend of provincial, official and national languages and in the beam of religion can be another captivating sight for any American. From a lullaby to national songs, from classical to pop, Middle Eastern music is enriched with melodies and rhythms an American might not have imagined. One of the most different experiences for any American can be found in literature, art and drama is the concept of love which demonstrates the true eastern values of soul. This will be true to say that Middle Eastern culture can give an American the secret to live a healthy and happy life. When it comes to my potential to serve for the development of cross culture, I tend to follow the same steps of my cultural and historical values: teaching and learning. I can create awareness about the fruitfulness of cultural exchange programs by writing and talking. I can give services to the foreigners visiting my country of origin by providing them deep and profound secrets of my land. If I get any chance to visit foreign country either on exchange program or not, I will be exhibiting my own customs and tradition in dressing, events and celebration to help the people of that country understand my culture. This way I would contribute in the development of cross cultural activities. In contrast to this, for the contribution in development of cross cultural perspective, I would also be inquisitive, appreciating and absorbing the values, customs and tradition of the other land. I would like to know the historical and cultural dome and the values upon which that nation is standing. It will be a great experience to explore the art, literature and cinema of that country and know the sense of

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay Example for Free

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay Because of the immigration in the world and the great assimilation that are in progress prejudices and discrimination are more important than never before. People need to learn from young ages that it doesnt matter where you come from or what color your skin is, the only thing that matters is your personality and how you respond to other people. Yesterday, in Stockholm, I was talking to my cousin and she told me that I never should live in Tensta because, according to her, its a very dangerous place because it only lives criminals there. Personally Im sure that the majority of the people in Tensta are normal, nice people that never have done anything criminal its only her prejudices that say something different. I see every day how common prejudices are, my friends have prejudices, my family has prejudices and I, that see myself as a very prejudices free person, find sometimes that even I have some prejudices. Discrimination is unfortunately also common in our society. A while ago I read a study that professors at the Linnà © university in Kalmar had written and it showed that the majority of the companies in Sweden discriminated people with Arabic names. If there were two persons with exactly the same qualities and experience in the study, and one of them was named Martin Johansson and the other Abd al Hakim only the first would be called to an interview while the second would be sorted away immediately. But I think that it is easy to forget and that we have to remember that discrimination can work in every way white against black, black against white, men against women, women against men, and so on. Therefore I believe that we have to work for a society that is equal on every scale. I think that a way to solve the problem with prejudices and discrimination is to make it a main subject in school. In that way every kid in Sweden would get information about and be able to discus prejudices and discrimination every week from the age of 6 to 16. I believe that information and knowledge are the key to everything, and in this case the key to an equal society without prejudices and discrimination.

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Introduction Work life balance has become the hot issue around the world. In the United Kingdom, a high level of support has been given to work life balance. Employers think people can only give best performance when they can strike a balance of work and life. In the United States, more importance has been given to work life balance, it has accounted for more than two-thirds of work characteristics that has been rated by surveyed companies which they think to be absolutely essential to attract and retain the talent. (Michaels, Handfield- Jones Axelrod, 2001) In Hong Kong, a survey is conducted on work life balance has indicated that more than 80% of employees being interviewed and they have considered work life balance as important to them and only less then 50% of them said that they were able to achieve it. Literature Review Over the past decades, balance between work and other factors of life has been made much difficult which happened due to changes in technology, demographic workforce and business environment. It is now become a challenge for modern employees to achieve work life balance without jeopardizing their well being and satisfaction with other aspect of the lives and overall quality of life. Technological advancements, like mobile phones, internet, have enabled people to conduct work anywhere and at anytime, whether they are on holidays or flying on planes. Furthermore the use of computers has changed their lives as people are taking their work to home. Long working hours now becomes a norm in many countries worldwide. Which have indirectly increased the workload, long hours culture and job insecurity? Over the past decades, the employment of women has increased substantially. In some developed economies, women are occupied half or more of workforce (International Labor Office 2007). In 2005, about 88 million women whose ages lie between 20 to 64 were employed in the United States, which was the 50.8% of the total workforce (US Census Bureau, 2005) and 70.9% of the women were participated in labor force in 2005. Work Life Balance Work life balance was first used in the late 1970 that actually describes that the individual has a personal life too. Work and life balance is important and it should be manage in way that increases satisfaction. Individuals personal life in which family, friends, love, play etc comes. Work life balance is about people manage the difference between work and life. How they manage work and life. Work life balance is important only in the framework of what company does for the individual worker. The work life balance however is a two pronged approach, it is achievement with enjoyment. If the employee is giving his best input to the organization but not really enjoying the same then happiness then satisfaction can not be achieved. Work life balance does not mean only balancing the profession and family, it means balancing the mental and status quo and balancing the emotional intelligence. Organizations facilitate their employees via implementing work life balance and training. There is a life at home and at work and life having space for leisure time. If the employee work life is imbalance then it effect comes on productivity means productivity is declining and efficiency level is also decreasing, the imbalance work life has a negative impact in professional and personal life. Imbalance work life results in absenteeism, turnover, less committed to organization. Employee retention is seriously important for organizations. Now organizations are focusing on grooming their employees and treating them as human capital of the organization. Thats why companies most of the companies are implementing work life balance by facilitating part time work, work at home, attend meeting via video conferencing, can do job sharing. Work life and personal life are two sides of the same coin. According to various work life balance surveys, more then 60% respondents said they are not able to find the balance between them. They have to make difficult decision between work and personal life. But now it is close to equilibrium. Traditionally managing a balance between life and work was considered to be a womans issue but increasing work pressure, technological changes and globalization have made this issue for male and female, all professionals working across all countries. Achieving a balance work life is not simple as it seen. Personal life and work life both are inter-connected and interdependent and doing long hours job, dealing with clients, deadlines in jobs can interfere and affect the personal life of an individual and sometimes it becomes difficult to maintain the relationship. On the other side, personal life can also be demanding such as kids, wife, parents and relatives, giving them time is very important. If not managing then it leads to absenteeism form work, stress level increases and concentration on work diminishes. The work life balance conflict occurs when burden, obligations and responsibilities and family roles becomes incompatible. Need and Benefits of Work Life Balance Today the deadlines of work are getting tighter and its really much difficult for an individual to achieve it. Due to these deadlines it becomes difficult to maintain a family life. It is difficult to have engagement of min with the engagement of body. In every individuals life there are four stakeholders- his or her personality, family, job and the society. It is very important for an individual person to give equal importance to all stakeholders (personality, family, job and society) and then an individual can term as successful person. When a life is imbalance then happiness, peace and harmony of life vanishes and it has a negative impact on work life too. So it is very important to avoid imbalance of life. The transition of work life imbalance and work life balance has negative and positive impact on organizations success. On an individual level work life balance bring phenomenal changes in his life and also have impact on society. A balance work life results in good health, stress level decline due to health levels and can derive more value form work and life and which leads to satisfaction and self actualization. At the organizational level, balance work life enables productivity and efficiency and employees becomes more creative and derive more satisfaction. Employee better communicate and do better teamwork in a working environment. Work life balance leads to fully enjoying the work and which increases passion for it, which results in employees commitment level increases and thus develops a strong value system. Advantages of Work Life Balance Many organizations such as IBM, Merrill Lynch, Pfizer and Accenture have introduced work life programme within their companies to help their employees to achieve effective balance between the work and personal life because they believe that it makes good business sense to provide such programmes to their employees due to financial and non-financial benefits that can be reaped. Policies and practices of work life balance are good for business; there are many benefits for the business who have implemented it. The one of the most important advantage of work life balance is that employee feel satisfaction because of managing the work and life. Organizations implement work life balance in order to attract or retain talented employees. This work life balance was implemented by organizations to decrease the labor turnover in the organizations. It increases the productivity in the organizations because of the work life balance. When people are satisfied with their life as well as work means they have kept the balance between work and personal life, which results in less absenteeism in the organization. It increases the overall profit in the organization because of balance between work and personal life. Organizations implemented work life balance then it increases overall profit in any organization as employees are working hard to increase productivity. Employees are loyal where organizations have implemented work life balance. An overall more enjoyable workplace as all employees are achieving and enjoying. Employees give best input to organization as they are happy with their life and work balance. Work life balance initiates an individual to give his best input to organization and work hard to achieve organizational goals and provides innovative ideas and thus organization rapidly grow in the direction of success. When an individual has work life balance then he or she can better know how to spend the time. Employees less miss the time as they have well manage the work and personal life. Depression is a condition of mental disturbance and when employees work life is balance and he or she can perfectly manages everything. Individual have other things to do in life then work which is as playing, giving time to family means spending time with the family, meeting with friends etc. So work life balance is very important in individuals life. There are many responsibilities of an individual such responsibility parents, wife, children and as well as of society so work life balance is very important in respect to managing these multiple responsibilities at a time. Companies who have implemented work life balance programme, they have reduces the health cost as employee have to work less and thats the reason they have good health. According to the Corporate Executive Boards Research, effective work life balance encourages workers to work harder and discourage them for leaving the job. The worker can easily meet the need of family, personal obligations and the life responsibility. Employees are more committed to organizations who have implemented it. Employer can recruit outstanding or talented employees in the company. Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan The Unilever Pakistan Limited The Unilever Pakistan Limited, formerly Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited was established in 1948. Unilever Pakistan is one of the largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) company in the Pakistan and has a multinational operational network. The Unilever Pakistan Limited has implemented work life balance to facilitate their employees to enjoy and improve productivity in the organization. Unilever, Pakistan has given employees the chance to work flexibly through different schemes which is as part time job, work at home and job sharing. They have change the way they work in past. But now they avoid travelling to meetings which cost money and it also impacts the environment and takes the people far away from home. Thats why they have introduced effective ways to communicate through new generation video conferencing, virtual meetings, videophones and online collaboration environments. In the result of work life balance implementation in Unilever, Pakistan; employees are more committed, highly satisfied and loyal to the company and have less turnover. Procter Gamble, Pakistan Procter Gamble, Pakistan was established in 1991 and is global consumer goods company which is locally operating in a Pakistan that provides premium quality product for their consumers. Procter and Gamble has implemented work life balance. According to their view, they believe that work life balance is as important as the performance. They have fitness clubs, days-off to work from home programmes. They are giving special consideration to working mothers. In results of implementing the work life in Procter Gamble employees are more productive which translates to success. Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan is owned by the Telenor Group and is an international provider of voice, data, and content and mobile communication service. Telenor has implemented work life balance which they believe is critical to their business success. They have provided in-office facilities to their employees such as gyms, game rooms and cafes to get relax at work and enjoy these facilities. The other organizations who have implemented work life balance in Pakistan are; BankIslami Pakistan, Pakistan State Oil, Netsol Pakistan, National Bank of Pakistan, Pfizer Pakistan, Nestlà © Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, Daewoo Pakistan, Pakistan National Shipping Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan, Pakistan Steel Mills, Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan, Pakistan, Pakistan, Gourmet Foods (Pakistan), State Life Insurance Corporation Of Pakistan, PEPCO Pakistan, Qubee (Augere Pakistan), Citibank Pakistan, United Energy Pakistan Limited, OCS Pakistan, Tetra Pak Pakistan, Mobilink Pakistan, PepsiCo, Chartis Insurance Company, Pakistan Water and Power Supply Authority, Roche Pakistan Limited, Publicis Pakistan, Engro Foods, The Coca-Cola Company, World call Telecom, Nokia, Xavor Conclusion Work life balance remains an important issue that requires considerable attention from organizations. Nowadays many organizations operates 24/7 schedule and technological advancement has made it easy to connect all the time. Employers have found out that burnt-out employees are nearly useless while satisfied employees are the key to organizations success in future. To this ends, many organization has implemented work life balance programs to facilitate employees in handling conflicts that may arise between work and life. The work life balance programs incorporated at organizations providing the flexibility and support that help employees manage the complexities of modern life. Outcomes of imperfect Work life balance Stress The number of employees suffering from many ailments including hypertension, heart attack, diabetes has grown in recent years, which worst effected by long working hours and stressful working hours. Relational Problems If the employees spend more time in the workplace rather then spending time with the parents, spouses, children and family, can disturb the relationship as there is no longer time to give for these relations. Unethical Practices To handle the stress in the organizations as well as in the home, employees tend to adopt unethical practices such as smoking, drugs, improper relations etc.

Why Is The Crucible So Called Essays -- Essay on The Crucible

How is 'The Crucible' appropriately titled? The word 'crucible' is used by Arthur Miller in his play as a metaphor. The first definition of the word crucible is: a melting pot especially for metals. In the play this is first acknowledged during the first act, as we gradually piece together the information concerning the girls dancing. The 'kettle' viewed by Reverend Parris mirrors a crucible. We are told that the girls had made a brew which contained a little frog and blood is therefore viewed by the characters involved as a potent, fearsome mixture and this signifies the beginning of the Salem tragedy. It seems that from this 'brew' a more sinister force is released. The dancing and the contents of the little pot seem to fuel the rumours, lies and tragedy of Salem. From this point onwards, lies which in turn arouse suspicion ending ultimately in the destruction of the Salem community. Even in the next part of the play we observe Tituba create and elaborate lies which is the first we see of the evil which is unleashed by the w itch hunt. There was very little privacy in Salem mainly because the fact that it was a theocracy and crimes were an offence not only against God but also against the community. Therefore there was pressure for neighbours to reveal other's sin. The desire for privacy makes one suspect others because if they do not convict others it looks as if they themselves might have something to hide. It is ironic that Reverend Parris says that the witchcraft investigation might reveal the source of all the community's problems 'Why, Rebecca, we may open up the boil of all our troubles today' because in the end the witchcraft investigation provokes the burning down and destruction of the community. The witch trials are also metaphorically a melting pot, again, for people's grudges, and their seeking of revenge. The play shows us also how people can give into their fear and superstition. The trials are not really about witchcraft, Abigail admits to John in private how the witchery is a hoax 'We were dancing in the woods last night and my uncle leaped out on us. She took fright, is all'. As she says this she is confident and relates the situation with a wicked air of control. This not to say people in Salem do not believe in the supernatural. Although many people in The Crucible believe in witches, many Salem residents simply take advantage of the... ...d but felt very strongly about only taking responsibly directly for his actions and refused to ruin others. He said during his trial 'I could not use the name of another and bring trouble on him… I take the responsibility of everything I have ever done, but I cannot take the responsibility for another human being. Proctor acted very similarly in his trial he said 'I speak my own sins; I cannot judge another'. Proctor and Miller were could see beyond the hysteria concerning ridiculous accusations and were not prepared to betray others to save themselves. In conclusion the Crucible is linked to the play both metaphorically, directly and historically. It is an interesting fact that a crucible is a melting pot especially for metals because the word metals has a homophone, mettle which means natural ardour, spirit, strength or courage. These are some of the qualities John Proctor displays towards the end of the book as his mettle is tested and purified. The title is relevant to most of the themes and issues that the play explores. The title is very effective due the fact it is provocative and encourages one to reflect on the play, its meaning and also its contemporary truth.

Hindu Death Rituals

There is one thing that is certain in this lifetime that eventually we all must die. A belief in the cyclical reincarnation of the soul is one of the foundations of the Hindu religion. Death is viewed as a natural aspect of life, and there are numerous epic tales, sacred scriptures, and vedic guidance that describe the reason for death's existence, the rituals that should be performed surrounding it, and the many possible destinations of the soul after departure from its earthly existence (Retrieved from http://mailerindia. com/hindu/veda/index. php? death on 18th January, 2012).this essay will discuss the rituals performed for the soul of the dead body so it reaches heaven peacefully. Traditionally, a Hindu dies at home. Nowadays the dying is increasingly kept in hospitals, even when recovery is clearly not possible. Once family is certain that a person is taking his last breath, the start to chant mantras such as â€Å"om namoh narayana†. This helps the soul to leave the bod y peacefully. They also put holy ash or sandal paste on the forehead and put few drops of Ganga or holy water in the mouth so that the soul goes to heaven. The first mortal to meet his fate with Death was named Yama.Yama is aided by his two killer guide dogs who keep an eye as to whose life has come to an end. so they take the last breath of that person and take the soul to yama who directs them to their destiny . after the person dies the family member calls a chief priest who performs the rituals of†Homa† which is making afire and chanting mantras and doing offering to the â€Å"Agni Dewata† or fire god. The family gather together to cremate the body. Cremation is a ritual designed to do much more than dispose of the body; it is intended to release the soul from its earthly existence.â€Å"Hindus believe that cremation (compared to burial or outside disintegration) is most spiritually beneficial to the departed soul. † This is based on the belief that the â€Å"astral body† will linger â€Å"as long as the physical body remains visible. † If the body is not cremated, â€Å"the soul remains nearby for days or months†(Retrieved from http://mailerindia. com/hindu/veda/index. php? death on 18th January, 2012). The standard cremation ceremony begins with the ritual cleansing, dressing and adorning of the body. The body is then carried to the cremation ground as prayers are chanted to Yama, invoking his aid.It is usually the chief mourner and the eldest son who perform the â€Å"Agni† or fire ceremony. He circumambulates the pyre counterclockwise– for everything is backward at the time of death and lights the pyre. The death now is an offering to Agni. After burning the corpse the chief mourner cracks the skull with a bamboo , thus releasing the soul from entrapment in the body. After cremation a thirteen day ritual is done for the safety of the soul till it reaches heaven. Family read a holy book called Bhagwat Geeta every afternoon for the deceased person..Twelve hours after the cremation, the ashes are thrown into a river, ideally the Ganges river, and the mourners walk away without looking back. On the 3rd, 5th, 7th or 9th day, relatives gather for a meal of the deceased's favorite foods. A portion is offered before his photo and later ceremonially left at an abandoned place, along with some lit camphor. On the 31st day, a memorial service is held. In some traditions it is a repetition of the funeral rites. At home, all thoroughly clean the house. the chief priest than prays for the deceased and his ancestors so their souls can reunite in the next world.This ritual is called sapindikarana. Similar rituals are done after six months and then the last one is an year after death. a priest conducts the shraddha rites in the home, offering pinda to the ancestors. This ceremony is done yearly as long as the sons of the deceased are alive (or for a specified period) Retrieved from http ://mailerindia. com/hindu/veda/index. php? death on 18th January, 2012).. In conclusion we can say that Hindu funeral rites can be simple or exceedingly complex. These steps devotedly completed according to the customs, means, and ability of the family, will properly conclude one earthly sojourn of any Hindu soul.Religions such as Hinduism offer our own immortal souls satisfying answers to questions of life and death. Their ancient mythic texts provide real reasons for our existence here on earth. They also demonstrate that death is something that can be prepared for instead of being feared. In addition, they offer the possibility of something to look forward to, so we need not dread our last days on this planet. A true Hindu shall love death as he loves this life (Retrieved from http://mailerindia. com/hindu on 18th January, 2012).